Racial Inequality During The Civil War - 1742 Words

Just as baseball had both a cyclical and chronological history, the history of racial inequality in sports did as well. The chronological history of racial inequality in sports involved a slow progression from minorities being viewed as racially inferior to minorities being viewed as equals and in some cases even superior in some sports. The cyclical history of racial inequality involves processes of segregating and disbarring minorities to integrating teams and then back to inequality in opportunities for minorities in sports. This generational history shows the challenges that minorities faced repeatedly by challenging cultural norms throughout time. Jack Johnson, Joe Louis, and many other minority athletes acted as political activists as well as athletes from the Civil War to World War II. The athletic prowess of these political activists allowed them to defy longstanding attitudes of racial inferiority and manliness in the United States. They fought against the attitudes of phys ical, moral, emotional, and intellectual inferiority by using their success, fame, and power in the media. The racial climate of the United States from the Civil War to World War II was based upon the idea that whites were the superior race physically, morally, emotionally, and intellectually. This idea of white supremacy was pushed by white newspapers and other white media outlets as well. White men were considered â€Å"manly†, while black men were seen as inferior and â€Å"boyish†. Whites had suchShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement and World War II1075 Words   |  4 Pagesthe World War II was to fight for human’s freedoms to liberate humanity in Europe and Asia, and to spread the American democracy to the entire world. â€Å"A revolution which goes on steadily, quietly adjusting itself to changing conditions without the concentration camp or the quick –lime in the ditch† (Franklin D. Roosevelt 1941). However the war enhanced the commitm ent of many white Americans to maintain the existing racial order in the United States. The war also gave birth to the civil right movementRead MoreBlues Music Is Still Based On Emotional Pain914 Words   |  4 Pagesis a symbol of past experiences of the writer of the song and its’ performer. This allows each song to be uniquely impactful. Many blues songs used racial inequality as a common theme because many black Americans were suffering from this in their daily lives. The following songs were structured to help raise support to put an end to the racial inequality that occurred. First, we talk about James Brown’s â€Å"Say it Loud ( I’m Black and I’m Proud)†. As the title suggests, this song is about black prideRead MoreWhat Was The Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement was issued to end racial segregation against African Americans and to provide the equal citizenship rights mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. It occurred between 1954 and 1968, especially in the South and was a struggle by African Americans to achieve civil rights equal to whites including equal availability in employment, housing, education, freedom to vote, equal access to public facilities, and free of racial discrimination. Before Civil Rights Movement Act, AfricanRead MoreThe Soviet Union During The Cold War999 Words   |  4 PagesThe emergence of the Cold War with the Soviet Union had far reaching impacts on American society, including hindering the pace of social reform in the United States. While some asp ects of the Cold War may have helped promote certain social reforms, the net impact, deterred inevitable social reforms. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War induced a fear of communism in Americans that had numerous effects on American policies. McCarthyism, a period of controversialRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1206 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody’s, â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi† is an autobiography of hers that depicts the time of injustice, racial discrimination, oppression and the hardships African Americans dealt with during this time of inequality and how it led to Civil Rights Movement. Anne Moody’s overall life experience since her young age of 4, till her age of 24 of the movement, greatly shows the struggles of the time with uses on her emotional experiences and her analyzing skills of her time which did not fail to catchRead MoreAfrican American civil rights has been one of th e biggest domestic issues ever in the Unites700 Words   |  3 Pages African American civil rights has been one of the biggest domestic issues ever in the Unites States. The early civil rights stage of 1945-1954 was the start of the biggest civil rights movement in American history. African Americans had to fight against segregation and racial discrimination. This era sparked the start of a massive movement lead by the likes of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom X. One of the earliest cases of African Americans was when Jackie Robinson was the first African AmericanRead MoreThe Events Of The 1960 s And Through The 1970 S1407 Words   |  6 Pageswhite house, continuous social and economic problems that seemed to never change and the ongoing Vietnam war which Americans were opposed too. Most Americans blamed the government for many of the issues the that were going on and that should have ended but instead funded, ignored, and made other things important on their agenda. Political leaders had proclaimed intentions on ending the cold war, racial discrimination, fixing social and economic problems and creating reforms that would begin to make aRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Mary Dudziak1322 Words   |  6 Pagesof Cold Rights Civil War, showed how the civil rights movement effected American foreign affairs on an international level. She argued that the international ridicule helped the United States and the Civil Rights movements achiev e what it did. She helps explain just how important the Cold War was to the Civil Rights movement and how the Civil Rights movement helped, America refreshes its image in the eyes for the world. However, not just lead and paly a major part in the Civil Rights movementRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Literary Analysis Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pages Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird demonstrates organic unity through the use of literary tools to create, maintain, and amplify the central theme. Lee constructs and develops the theme of social inequality by employing dialogue, irony, and an extended metaphor. Through dialogue, the townspeople show contempt for blacks, viewing them and anyone who treats them as equals as inferior. This is evident in the analysis of the conversations of Bob Ewell, Mrs. Dubose, and Francis Hancock where they referRead MoreMothers Of Invention : Women Of The American Civil War1265 Words   |  6 PagesSlaveholding South in the American Civil War i s a work by Drew Gilpin Faust, a renowned American historian and current President of Harvard University. Published in 1996 by the University of North Carolina Press in Chapel Hill, this is one of the several literary works by Faust describing history of the Civil War and of the American South. This nonfiction book includes 257 pages detailing the struggles and labors of the women on the Southern home front during the American Civil War, as well as 67 pages of

Comparison Between Menkaure and His Wife, and Nike from...

Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realism movements of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in Romanticism, but many painters have adopted a similar approach over the centuries. One example of Naturalism is the artwork of American artist William Bliss Baker, whose landscape paintings are considered some of the best examples of the naturalist movement. Idealism is the attitude that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind, in comparison with the world as perceived through the senses. In art idealism is the tendency to represent things as aesthetic sensibility would have them rather than as they†¦show more content†¦By an unknown artist, the sculpture is thought to date from the period 220 BC - 190 BC (though some scholars date it as early as 250 BC or as late as 180 BC). Her drapery serves to dramatically emphasize both her dynamic f orward movement against the wind and her full, robust form-her powerful thighs and the active, contracted muscles of her torso. The drapery clings with thin, long, and uneven ripples to her breasts, abdomen, right leg, and left thigh, its near transparency revealing these parts of the body almost as if they were nude. Excess fabric forms heavy yet dynamically irregular shapes and bunches. A long, uneven arc of cloth between her legs accentuates their motion and implies the counter-force of the wind against her body. The sculptor draws attention to this downward arc with a swath of drapery that flies forward from the left hip and collides in a V-shape with the longer swath at the Nike’s pelvis. At the same time, in the back of the statue fabric soars out behind the figure in rigid crests. The effect of this drapery is choppy and uneven, the wind whipping the cloth as it does sea below into irregular peaks and troughs. A partial inscription on the base of the statue includes th e word Rhodhios (Rhodes), indicating that the statue was commissioned to celebrate a naval

The Character of Friar Lawrence in the Drama Romeo and Juliet Free Essays

In the drama Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Friar Lawrence is a kind, knowledgeable, peacekeeping, and wise character. He also acts as a foil to the Montaques, Capulets, and the nurse. He is a priest to both the Montaque and Capulet houses. We will write a custom essay sample on The Character of Friar Lawrence in the Drama Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is a well-liked person in the town of Verona. The Friar is a positive figure in the community and serves as a good role model for the children of Verona. Friar Lawrence is wise, educated kind, and peace loving. When Romeo comes to tell Friar Lawrence about his engagement the Friar offers many wise pieces of advice. Such as when he says that young men†s love lies in their eyes he means for Romeo to make sure he loves Juliet for who she is and not how she looks. He also tells Romeo that women may fall when there is no strength in men. This means that if he is not stable and constant Juliet may become inconstant herself. His knowledge of Greek mythology and his great understanding of plants show Friar Lawrence†s high level of education. When he is collecting plants in the beginning of scene three he speaks of the Greek god Titan. His reference to Titan shows he has had some background in mythology. Friar Lawrence also has a vast knowledge of plants and flowers. Friar Lawrence grows a magnificent garden which he tends to during the time in which he is not fulfilling his church duties. He speaks to Romeo about a plant that can be used for healing or as poison. This discussion leads into a speech by Friar Lawrence about people having a good side and a bad side like the flower he spoke of. This suggests that he has a background in philosophy. The friar is also very kind and peace loving. He is speaks to Romeo as if they are best friends and Romeo seems to really enjoy being around the friar. They laugh, joke, and discuss Romeo†s love life showing that Romeo is very comfortable around the friar. The friar is an all-around good guy. In the drama Friar Lawrence acts as a foil to both the Capulets and the Montaques. The two houses show no signs of attempting to make peace with one another they don†t even seem to really know what their feud is about. Friar Lawrence states that he hopes the marriage of Romeo and Juliet will bring an end to their quarrel. Friar Lawrence is happy for the couple and wishes them well, he even agrees to marry them. The two families would have certainly forbid the marriage in the first place. They despise each other and letting their children get married would be the furthest thing from their minds. Every time the Capulets and the Montaques see each other their first impulse is to fight whereas the friar is trying to bring an end to all the bloodshed and turmoil by marrying Romeo and Juliet. The two houses have no regard for public safety or rules they have had three major street brawls, which resulted in injury or death for citizens of Verona. The Friar however is always trying to keep peace in the public. The two families should try to be more like the friar and settle their dispute. Friar Lawrence also serves as a foil to the nurse she has an awful dialect, shoes no signs of high education, and does not discuss proper subjects. The nurse has a terrible dialect. She uses many words to express an idea that could be expressed in one or two. She will add or remove words as she pleases. For example she will say things like cock†rel, fall†st, or rememb†red. The friar on the other hand is very articulate. He can get his message across using few words and he speaks very eloquently. The friar obviously has a huge vocabulary. The nurse†s speech also brings up another issue her lack of education. If the nurse had any form of higher level education she would be much more concise in her speaking. The friar has obviously had some higher education because of his huge vocabulary and his vast knowledge of plants and his philosophical discussions. The nurse does not discuss subjects that would be considered proper. When she is speaking to Romeo she talks about Juliet†s large dowry. This is not something that would be discussed in fourteenth century. Friar Lawrence has never discussed anything that would be considered improper and has always seemed to have a polite manner about him. The difference between the nurse and the friar is like night and day. Friar Lawrence is definitely educated, wise, kind, and knowledgeable. He shows it over and over again in the play. He is undoubtedly a foil to the Capulets, Montaques, and the nurse. The friar is a well-respected member of the community and a spiritual leader. He is a one-of-a-kind character and the town of Verona would indefinitely suffer without him. How to cite The Character of Friar Lawrence in the Drama Romeo and Juliet, Papers

History of Jazz Midterm free essay sample

The title song Jump For JOY uses coded language as a way to inspire social thought. The theme of the song was an explicit statement of social Justice that pulled no punches. In the words of Jazz Historian Graham Lock, What Jump for Joy made particularly clear was the contempt that blacks felt for various white representations of blackness, not least the figure of uncle Tom and the notion that blacks belonged and were happy In the South (Lock 1999:95) The song opens with a Joyous celebration of the end of the Jim Crow laws, (Fare thee well land of cotton {Farewell south! Cotton isle is out of style (The land of ton, basically slavery, is no longer needed. }. The song then goes onto to say Honey Chile Jump for Joy. Elongating had said that one of the inspirations for creating this show was the lack of authenticity in other artistic depictions of African Americans. Therefore Honey Chile Jump for Joy is showing the most authentic way a colored person would speak. The next section says to not be worried about leaving the south (Dont you grieve little Eve) because all of the plantation owners have been killed (All the hounds I do believe have been killed).Anti chaw thrilled? Jump for Joy {Arent you happy? Jump for Joy!! The song then switchs gears and begins to take a jab at Hollywood for depiction of African Americans as a childlike naive Lad worshipping people in the 1936 classic The Green Pastures. Then points out that its just a stupid facade and Just a movie and couldnt be farther from the truth. (Have you seen pastures groovy? Green pastures was Just a Technology movie. The next line says when you go to heaven and meet saint Peter tell him to Jump for Joy, or that all those who died for the cause of slavery didnt die in vain (When you stomp up to heaven and you meet old Saint Pete Tell that boy Jump for Joy) The song ends tit a Joyous note telling the freed slaves to (Step right in give Pete some skin and jump for Joy) to step into heaven and give Saint Peter some skin, which is a pretty basic social exchange among musicians especially colored musicians today, and to lump for Joy as they have reached freedom or heaven.Jump for Joy was hip. People gave skin. They were, upon occasion, dressed in coot suits. As a matter of fact, the first extensive treatment of the coot suit with a drape shape and a ret pleat was in this revue. [Graham Locks Plutonian: Visions of the Future and Revisions of the Past in the Work of Sun Ra. [Barry Llanos Duke Elongating( 1946, Pas. 242-243/ Creative press Inc. New York )] Billie Holiday- Played her voice as if it was a horn horizontal style of singing because she could hit in one register(Lester young) Ella Fitzgerald- Wide ranged singer, she could hit all the notes on the scale while doing it smoothly and skillfully (Hawkins style of singing) Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald are the names you think of when you hear swing era Jazz singing, but also in all of Jazz history. Both singers have a very distinct approach to vocal Jazz and rightly so contributed to it in a very unique way. BillieHoliday was seen as one of the greatest revelations to hit the vocal Jazz world in the sasss. She had a pretty limited vocal range of Just over an octave, but her prowess was seen in the way that she could have subtle changes in phrasing, emotional immediacy, and fantastic timing. She radically described vocal Jazz as l dont feel like Im singing, I feel like Im playing the horn. Ella on the other hand came to fame due to her sheer technical skill. She had a wider range than most opera singers but what made her stand out from everyone was the fact that she could reach such a high note without it even sounding taxing.In Billie Holidays rendition of My Last Affair and l Cant Get Started she illustrates her horizontal approach to singing. She stays within the same register and like Lester Young she exaggerates the differences between each note by having an extreme level of articulation. Ella on the other hand had a very different style of singing as evidenced by her rendition of My Last Affair and l Cant Get Started. Ella shows off the mastery of her voice with her vertical approach to singing. She smoothly flows from note to note even though she is hitting such a wide range.Both singers were daughters of Louis Armstrong approach to jazz singing. Armstrong came up with the idea that the vocal Jazz singer could have their own personal interpretation of the song, such as in The Blues, and they could scat sing. Both Holiday and Fitzgerald embraced Louis Armstrong approach but they each took a specific component of Armstrongs innovation and elevated it to new heights. In Holiday s Gloomy Sunday she highlights her ability to add her own personal interpretation to what she was singing. In this case you feel the longing in her voice for something better than living.Its as if with every word she speaks you feel her internal struggle and her yearning for death. Fitzgerald was a bit less macabre in this instance. Ella Fitzgerald How High the Moon calls attention to her capacity for scat singing. Fitzgerald has taken Armstrong alteration to singing to a new level in this song, she is able to transform her voice into an actual instrument. 3. ) Louis Armstrong Hot 5 ; 7 recordings (1925- 1928) changed Jazz forever in a severely profound way. These records made Armstrong famous.They were the first to consistently feature him in solo and ensemble lead and showcase his singing. These records led to five major innovations that altered the structure of Jazz for the next went years. First off Armstrong raised the bar for technical mastery of all Jazz instruments. This is highlighted in the song West End Blues for his astonishing opening trumpet cadenza. With Armstrong use of the trumpet he was able to not forms of musical expression, but he also proved that the level of mastery for the trumpet could transcend anything that came before it. Another one of Armstrong innovations with the Hot 5 ; 7 recordings was that he laid out the basic foundation for swing. Swing as we have come to know it today is a Joyful and flexible interpretation of rhythmic ideas over a steady pulse. This is exhibited in the song Potato Head Blues. Potato Head Blues has an open-ended trumpet and wind section while the banjo and tuba provide a steady background to the swinging melodies and solos. Armstrong was also the first Jazz musician at the time to phase out the use of the traditional Dixieland Gumbo Way-Way especially in the song Weather Bird.Weather Bird was the refining of an idea from West End Blues, which showed the need to reconsider how improvisation was used in Jazz. In the song there is an almost symbiotic relationship between the Piano and the Trumpet; Even though they seem o be spontaneous creating the song together, there does seem to be some prior communication as to where the song would go. Perhaps the two largest contributions that came from these recordings was the use of pop songs as part of a musicians hot jazz repertoire and the invention of Jazz scat singing.Armstrong recorded the incredible vocal and instrumental rendition of the popular show tune l Cant Give You Anything But Love. This was a breakthrough only because it was uncommon for black musicians to record show tunes. Finally, the song with the greatest impact was Hobbies Jibes in which Louis Armstrong recorded his scat singing for the very first time. What exactly was so influential about scat singing? Well it was the fact that Louis could sing like he played, he had many trumpet like aspects to his voice.In the words of British Jazz critic Eric Thacker, his use of dentals, labials, and gutturals as he would use tonguing in a cornet solo, and enlivening the vowel colors with abrasive fluttering of the throat. Decades later, scat singing was still influencing the Jazz world. 4. ) No other economic panic has had such a lasting effect the American culture other than The Great Depression. The Great Depression not only had a powerful effect on all aspects of life, but it greatly influenced the development of Jazz or swing music as Americas most favored music.As with all major contributions to the development of Jazz there is no single event that lead to its broad acceptance by the American public. In fact it was a culmination of various seemingly unrelated factors such as a change in our consumption of music, the severe economic crisis, and the modification of how hot Jazz was viewed in the scope of Americans. As a direct result of this the record industry nearly goes bankrupt, allowing for only the best bands to survive. Also with the end of prohibition hot Jazz loses its sin music title and enables both black and white populations to swing to the beat. This was extremely important in the development of swing music because the idea that men of all races would be working together on the bandstand would help unify America in its darkest moment. Lastly with the invention of radio, people no longer had to leave the comfort of their own home to hear the Joy of hot Jazz aka swing. With the use of the radio people 5. ) Why exactly do we remember the Roaring Twenties as the Jazz Age? Why were the infill sounds of Armstrong and Becket so emblematic of this period?Well the implementation of the 18th Amendment, or as we know it today the Prohibition Act, lead to mob run speakeasies where the consumption of illegal bootleg liquor was the main attraction. This allowed for an enormous amount of gig opportunities for Jazz musicians. Also the Womens Suffrage movement was seen as a direct result of Jazz. Another major influence of Jazz during the asss was the acquisition of records and record players on a large scale. The Jazz Age was so pivotal in the development of American culture that without it our current day society would look like Reconstruction Era America! . ) Benny Goodman is the epitome of what a sex, Jazz god should be like. He was a Big Band leader and virtuoso clarinetist who is to this day the expert master of swing vocabulary. Benny Goodman didnt necessarily compose anything wildly magnificent or major influential but thats not to say he didnt seriously influence swing era music. First off Goodman was the man who began the Swing Era (big band Hot Jazz as Americas most popular music) in the asss. He launched the Swing Era into full force tit his west coast tour in August of 1935.Goodman also broke the taboo race barrier that surrounded the Jazz scene prior to the thirties by hiring gifted black musicians for his small ensembles and eventually his large big band. Benny Goodman wasnt trying to make a social statement; he merely wanted the most talented musicians regardless of skin color. Lastly Goodman proved Jazzs validity as a serious American art form in 1938. This was a direct result of his performance in Carnegie Hall; Goodman was the first Jazz musician to perform there. If anything is to be said about Goodman its that he demonstrated that Jazz was here to stay! ) Count Basiss band is considered the pinnacle of the Kansas City sound that dominated the Jazz scene for much of the Swing era. Basiss band exemplified the KC sound because the band utilized a walking bass line and a drumbeat that kept to the cymbals as opposed to the bass drum. Also the band had various solos with short melodies, head charts, as a background. And finally, the band drew from the Blues and used rhythm changes as the foundation for compositions. All of these characteristics can be easily found while listening to the Basis Bands One O clock Jump.

10 Skills Every Great Content Writer Needs

Being a content writer comes with some great perks.Depending on your position, you can have the flexibility to work from home or your favorite coffee shop, decide what topics you want to write about and see your work published and generate real value. But the job isn’t always an easy one and there a few areas of expertise you need to have to be successful other than just being a great writer.So, here are seven essential skillsets that any good content writer needs to have and continue to hone over their career. 1. Adaptability This might seem obvious, but I see a lot of content that falls flat because the tone and style don’t fit the purpose of the piece or the culture of the brand. For example, a landing page should probably contain copy that is short and designed to persuade the reader to take action. In contrast, a white paper will likely work best with more details to explain a more complex issue. Regarding tone, blog posts for a scientific equipment company targeting medical researchers will likely be much different from posts for an organic food shop targeting a wider range of health-conscious consumers. The more styles you can learn and the more quickly you can adapt, the more valuable you’ll be as a content writer. 2. Strong Research Skills Good research is key for good content writing – it adds credibility and, most importantly, value. Therefore, it’s vital to find trustworthy and interesting information from reliable sources online. Experts are especially great resources if you can effectively get the right information with good interviewing skills. 3. A Solid Understanding of SEO Great content writers stay on top of SEO trends – after all, even the best content won’t be effective if readers can’t find it. It’s important to know how to craft SEO-friendly titles and descriptions, use keywords effectively and keep up with Google’s latest algorithm changes. 4. Organizational Skills Organizing isn’t just about having a clean workspace; it’s about keeping on top of the writing jobs you’ve taken on. Keep a calendar and know your deadlines. Most smartphones even have programs that will help you organize your time. Turning an assignment in late sends a bad message to your customers and often won’t give the editors as much time to proof your article. Prioritize your jobs, so you get them all done promptly. 5. The Ability to Get Focused Writing requires focus which can sometimes be hard to find. When it’s time to work, get rid of distractions and focus on one task at a time. Sometimes to get the ball rolling, you can start with a few smaller, easy-to-complete tasks before launching into your larger projects. 6. The Ability to Meet Deadlines Your clients have deadlines they have to meet. Delivering high-quality content promptly will show that you are not only professional but also reliable. This means good time management is essential to help you realistically determine how many jobs you can accept and reject and deliver it on time. If you find yourself struggling with time management, check out these 14 writing and productivity hacks. 7. Communicate If you have a question about an assignment, let the customer know. Writing is an area of communication, so there are no excuses for not getting in touch with your client if there is a problem. When you write to your client, treat it as an official communication: proofread your message. Your customer will remember your courtesy. 8. Editing, Editing, and More Editing First drafts are rarely perfect. Editing skills require patience, discipline and a good eye for detail. In addition to grammar, spelling, and punctuation, look out for redundant points and overused words. And don’t be surprised if you spend more time editing than writing. 9. Deliver Quality Do your best to create quality unique content – make your articles engaging and grammatically correct. Ideally, when customers need articles, you want them to think of you as a superb writer that gets the job completed on time. If you want more clients and higher-paying work, consistently delivering good writing will eventually get you there. 10. Staying in Demand You may be an excellent writer, but if you don’t stay up-to-date with the latest trends, your job opportunities will be limited. Join writing and freelance communities, improve your online profiles, be comfortable with cold emailing, leverage different social platforms and market examples of your work. Maintaining an active presence on a few social platforms will not only make you more likely to get certain writing jobs, but you’ll also make valuable contacts. Clients are always looking to boost their reach so if you can offer to share content with your network; they will have an added incentive to hire you. There’s More to Being a Content Writer While it’s important for a content writer to have a flair for the written word, it’s only one piece of the puzzle. Research skills, SEO knowledge, adaptability and staying current are the ways to ensure that you continue to find success as a content writer. Take the time to continually develop these skills, and you’ll find yourself able to craft the kind of content that’s both easy for readers to find, compelling to read and in demand.

Short Story Reflection Essays

Short Story Reflection Essays Short Story Reflection Paper Short Story Reflection Paper Short Story Reflection Jennifer ENG125:Intro to Literature Instructor McGrath 11/28/2011 All stories come together by a solid idea. The idea behind a story is known as a theme. When looking at a theme, you must go beyond the title and critically think to acknowledge key terms and symbols within the narrative you are reading. The theme in â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† is a prime example of how readers have to critically think and acknowledge the symbolism of the story. When â€Å"looking beyond the plot† of Little Red Riding Hood, the story is more adult oriented than child oriented, and it is fascinating that it has remained popular for so many years. Within the theme there is symbolism such as the red cape for Little Red Riding Hood. Red is also known as â€Å"passion or danger. † This symbol shows that the author was considering Little Red Riding Hood to be in danger within her relationship to the wolf. The wolf wanted more from her than just her homemade cakes (Clugston 2010). All fictional works have a plot. A plot consists of five outlined situations within a narrative which are: exposition, complication or rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. In â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† the exposition would be explaining the setting and characters, the woods, as well as, Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf. The complication or â€Å"conflict,† is when the Wolf is not getting what he wants out of Little Red Riding Hood. The climax is when the Wolf eats the grandma and pretends to be her as when Little Red Riding Hood gets to her home. The falling action would be when Little Red Riding Hood makes statements such as â€Å"what big eyes you have. † The resolution is when the Wolf finally gets what he wants from Little Red Riding Hood (Clugston 2010). Tone is considered to be the attitude expressed throughout an author’s work. In Little Red Riding Hood on the surface you see a sense of innocence but when you read more you feel the danger within the tone change when the Wolf is present. The tone also expresses verbal irony because the Wolf is disguised as the grandma and Little Red Riding Hood doesn’t feel as she is in danger. A narrative theme is contextually broad, with readers looking into a story at different angles. By providing narrative elements the reader narrows into the author’s perception of the story. The symbols narrow in on where the story is taking the reader. Symbols can come through colors, animals, nature, etc. The symbol in Little Red Riding Hood was her Red Cape. The plot shows the reader that a narrative is like a pie cut into five pieces. The plot keeps the story flowing and grasps the reader’s attention by allowing an introduction, a predicament, climax, falling action, and a conclusion. The tone catches the authors’ attitude towards the story line. At times the tone is easy to catch, and others you have to dig deep for it, because it can be contradictory. As readers we should respect the author enough to walk into their world of critical thinking. By reflecting on the theme and literary elements of a narrative the reader can better relate to the authors’ true message. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. https://content. ashford. edu/books Lombardi, E. (2010). How to become a critical thinker. Retrieved from http://classiclit. about. com/od/forstudents/ht/aa_criticalread. htm Milhauser, S. (2008, October 3). The ambition of the short story. The New York Times. Retrieved from nytimes. com/2008/10/05/books/review/Millhauser-t. html? _r=2

HIST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HIST - Essay Example But, on the other hand, there are certain reservations associated with this idea of preserving the past. The concept of imagined west explains this second thought. According to Dr. Morley the way these places have been preserved embody some politics and Imaginations attached to it. First, these places have not been saved the way they originally were and there is a lot of imagination used to make these places alluring to the tourists as well as locales. She elaborates this idea further more that although these places are a replica of past, but there is a lot of imagination working behind flourishing it. Only those things have been saved and protected that would appeal people. Moreover, using imagination, many new things have been added for the dà ©cor of these places no matter they were part of the past or not. Here Judy Morley takes a firm stand that although such things are against ethics and do not fall in any terms of the morality still since it benefits many people, it is harmle ss in their eyes. There are many other ironical facts associated with this idea of preservation. Like in the protection and preservation of the Old Town Albuquerque, many Hispanics were dislocated although the place represents the past glory and grandeur of the Hispanics. Secondly, in the Larimer Square the actual past trait of the skid row has been put under the carpet only to attract more number of tourists and make it a more worth seeing place. Judy Morley basis her wide research on interviews from the local property owners, dealers and business men. She also studies deep the fields of urban development and tourism etc. Thus she reaches on the conclusion that such preservations have very deep impacts on the urban life and neighborhood along with the tourism sector. Talking about the Larimer Street in Denver, Morley eloquently describes how time has changed around this place without harming its very soul. This Street is known for its shopping and

Management of Technology report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Management of Technology report - Essay Example Most companies will always need to keenly evaluate any technological product before actually accepting to use it. This arises because most of these products are always expensive and the risk creates the need to effectively evaluate the products before accepting to purchase or use them. In the introduction of a new product based on a new technology in a risk-averse market, the sales department must drastically change to suite the situation. The sales people will shift from taking orders to building relationships with the potential clients and becoming educators and coaches. They must keenly understand all the risks involved and work towards mitigating such risks. They must recognize that clients are always scared of change and must therefore be totally convinced on the importance of the new product. It is further important to share as much research as possible about the industry with the clients in order to give them your own perspective on why they need to adopt the new product. Indeed, technology has a rage of definitions all of which highlight a number of factors about its characteristics. In a way, technology is basically a type of knowledge which is usually embodied in a physical artifact such as a component, machine or a system. The difference between this knowledge and the general knowledge is the act that technology is applied and therefore focuses on know-how. Technology is usually associated with science and engineering. To enhance its effective application within a system, technology must be understood in the context of new product development and innovation. More importantly, it should be considered with respect to factors like organizational development and structures and knowledge networks. While technology can be very helpful for an organization, a failure to manage it properly can always be detrimental to the very organization. In this respect, it must be understood that managing technology involves both explicit and tacit knowledge.

Printed Circuit Boards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Printed Circuit Boards - Essay Example Components can be connected on the PCB through conductive paths or etched copper wiring on a non-conductive substrate such as plastic. A PCB that has been assembled with such electronic components through appropriate connections is known as a Printed Circuit Assembly (PCA) (Khandpur, 2007). PCBs are relatively cheap and are known for their durability and reliability. While finding the material for the substrate and the conductive paths, much effort needs to be spent on defining a proper layout as well as the nature of the connections among various circuit elements. For example, a proper layout is necessary to accommodate all the required components and ensure proper connections among them to produce the desired output. Jawitz (2008) says that care needs to be taken when determining the type of connections (like point-to-point or wire wrap) besides ensuring that no unwanted contact is established due to crossing wires or faulty connections. Post this layout phase, production of PCAs i n high volumes is relatively easier and can be accomplished by an automated assembly line. The design and construction of PCBs is governed by a number of standards that are set and revised regularly by the Association Connecting Electronics Industries (IPC). PCBs, with the etched copper pathways, are insulated from any contact with dust or moisture (thereby avoiding undesired electrical connections and short circuits) using green-colored solder. Some PCBs are also coated with blue and red colored solder. In fact, Bosshart, 2003 says that the choice of the solder, technically a dielectric known for very high resistance and lack of electrical conduction, can vary depending on the purpose of the circuit being developed. Some of the popular and widely used dielectrics include FR-1, CEM and Teflon. The underlying substrate that makes up the flat-board can be made from a combination of cotton paper, polyester, epoxy and glass. Dimensional stability combined with lack of expansion on expos ure to heat qualifies these substances as highly suitable for PCB production. The average thickness of a PCB can range anywhere from 1 to 2mm (Montrose, 2009). Components can either be assembled on 1 side of the board or configured on both sides depending on requirements and space considerations. Types of PCBs PCBs come in many types based on a number of factors ranging from the number of sides utilized to the kind etching technology adopted for providing the interconnects. PCBs can also consist of multiple layers of the substrate and the interconnecting copper pathways and can thus be highly complex in construction. The following points describe some of the types into which most PCBs can be categorized. Single-sided PCBs These are the most basic type of PCBs and can be constructed even from a regular plastic board. A single sided PCB consists of electronic components soldered on one side while the pathways and interconnections are provided on the other side of the board. The term s ingle-side arises from this segregation among components and pathways and their restricted location to a single side of the PCB (Robertson, 2004). Single-sided PCBs have a number of deficiencies in terms of routing and circuit connections whereby no two wires can cross each other. Thus, single-sided PCBs may consumer more wire or copper for the necessary interconnects and are thus relatively resource intensive than other PDB types. As such, they are preferred for the construction of primitive circuits and cannot be used for developing advanced circuitry. Double-sided PCBs As the name suggests, these PCBs have the pathways etched on both sides of the board.

Social Effects Of The Industrial Revolution

Social Effects Of The Industrial Revolution Industrial means using machines to produce. Revolution means changing things upside down. (Hepplewhite and Campbell,2002) The Industrial Revolution brought about the systems of production and the production way had changed from home-based hand manufacturing to large-scale factory. It was took place in England in the late 18th century. It is a production and technological revolution. The invention of machinery and application as a symbol of this era. The great turning points in human history may be the British Industrial Revolution (Holmes, 2000). The technological change the kinds of different creation of new knowledge (Mokyr, 1999). In the eighteenth century people who lived in Britain earning by work on the land. The conditions of life and labour had changed in small difference of configuration, sub-soil and climate. Some earlier inventions failed because of incomplete ideas, other better materials were not to hand because of lack of skill on workers (Ashton, 1961). In the middle o f the 18th century, the British bourgeois revolutionaries overthrew the British feudal autocracy. The constitutional monarchy system was established. The Britain became the first country which the bourgeoisie dominated the nation in the world. As a result, the prerequisite of Industrial Revolution was promoted during this time. This report will describe the causes of the Industrial Revolution and effects on social life during the Industrial Revolution. It will be divided into three parts. Firstly, analysis the cause of the Industrial Revolution. Secondly, outline the effects of Industrial Revolution on social. Thirdly, the inventions during the Industrial Revolution will be evaluated. 2. Analysis the Cause of Industrial Revolution The population increased in the 18th century (Oakland, 2006). The people had to look for more food and goods. The agricultural economy had changed into industrial country. People had to find new ways to increase production. Therefore, the people who came from the countries were looking for the jobs in city factories. Some of the villages fields had became into the manufacturing centres (Oakland, 2006). The new inventions New machines were invented during that time. The production of farms and factories ways had changed. So the production was increased more quickly than before (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). For example, the spinning jenny which was invented by James Hargreaves could spin 120 threads at one time (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). And James Watt invented the steam engine using it to create new form of powering. The new inventions changed the production ways and many inventions from this period are still used in modern society. The colonies overseas and labour The overseas colonies were set up by the Europeans and the cheap labour could get easily from the colonies. This increased the speed of the production and they could sell more goods. They could also get cheaper raw materials from the colonies to produce cheaper goods (Mokyr, 1999). Many factory workers were children. The supervisors were treated them badly and they had to worked for long time everyday. The children were young and they had earned few pence to afford food. The labour had suffered the worse living condition during that time. The capitalists expand their business In order to earn much money, the capitalists had to expand their business and produce more goods. They needed to find a quicker way to produce more goods. The capitalists who played important roles and helped the Industrial Revolution grow speedy. They became one of the most powerful forces in Britain, squeezing more surplus value out of the labour (Yale, 2010). The feudalism and monopoly were ended The Europe feudalism and the monopoly of the upper classes were ended. People could have opportunity to involving in more trades. The reason why they need of goods increased was that they had to earn much money and more goods. They wanted the factories to produce goods faster so that they could get more goods.( Mokyr, 1999) 3. The Industrial Revolution Effects on the Social Advantages 3.1.1 The capitalism The capitalism possibly was grown by the technology change (Science Encyclopaedia, 2010). Before the Industrial Revolution, the people who lived in Britain might suffer from the worse quality of living conditions. The industrialist affected the decline of the traditional handicraft. Some scientists had come up with mind and invented several new productions. Owing to the new inventions, the facilities of production were improved. The factories used the latest facilities to produce and benefited from the technology changed. The system of manufacturing promoted the capitalism built up during the Industrial Revolution (Freeman, 2010). 3.1.2 Social structure The nations social structure was changed during the revolution (Science Encyclopaedia, 2010). Before the Revolution the majority of the people lived in small villages, working in agriculture or workshops. Their hands were treated as working tools in that time. In fact, about three quarters of Britains population lived in the countryside, and the predominant occupation was farming (Foster, 1979).However, during the industrial revolution there were many people worked at the new factories. These have to move to towns and cities in order to be close to their new jobs. It also meant that they worked for a long time but got the less money from the industrialists. As the 75% of early workers were women and children, they had to send out to work (Stearns, 1991). Most classes ultimately benefited from the huge proceeds that were being made, and most workers were got better wages by 1820. 3.1.3 The new mode of production and technology The advanced mode of production and technology had spread all over the world, the old system and ideas were impacted. Factory owners controlled the means of production rapidly became rich. The new technologies inspired the economic growth. As a result, the goods produced and a demand for raw materials which through Europe increased during the 19th century (Haberman). Some of these European countries led nations to look for colonies abroad in which to trade and produce goods. Many of these countries around the world accepted the industrial ideas, the new mode of production and technology were used gradually in the rest of the world. Disadvantages 3.2.1 Pollution With the development of the industrialization and urbanization, both of the developed and the developing countries started to exploit the natural resources. For example, in the energy field, the coal, oil and gas are both to support the factories and run their transport system. The coal as the main source of energy in the factories at the time used. In order to run the machines, the workers should make the coal burnt to heat the water which could power the steam engines. Large amounts of carbon particles were released into the atmosphere (Oracle). Water pollution was another prime problem during the time of the revolution. The factories dumped the toxic industrial refuse into the rivers thereby contaminating the water system. The industrial revolution had been beneficial to the economy, raising standards of life style and producing new goods. But it had also brought about some problems in the ecological system of earth (Oracle). 3.2.2 Overpopulation Population, its growth, stability or decline, and its relationship to economic growth (Hartwell, 1971). Because of the Industrial Revolution, many factories employed the labour to work and the people who lived in the countries wanted to move to the city for jobs. Due to the Industrial Revolution, the population growth in eighteenth century and probably increased 75 per cent over the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Hartwell, 1971). 3.2.3 The poor sanitary condition Approximately 50% of infants were died before the age of two during the early Industrial Revolution (Stearns, 1991). Their working hours were longer. The working hours usually from six in the morning until eight-thirty in the evening. A six-day week was not uncommon. Work places were often poorly ventilated, over-crowded, and replete with safety hazards. Men, women, and children were employed at survival wages in dangerous and unhealthy environments. The Miserable working condition and the different kinds of pollution affected the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health (Foster, 1979). The Important Inventions during the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was created some significant scientific inventions which were led to the mechanization of the textile industry, improved railway networks and improvement of iron making techniques. There are some inventions still used in modern times (Holmes, 2000). 4.1 Spinning Jenny James Hargreavesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Spinning Jenny in 1766. The first machines could only spin 8 threads but were soon improved to spin 100 threads (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). These machines were so small that working in the cottages and rapidly increased production. It is an important invention in the industrialization of the textile industry. 4.2 Water Frame Richard Arkwrightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s water frame was a successful inventor. The water frame was bought by owners all over Britain (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). The Water frame was a large wheel and it was turned by running water. This was made the machinery work in factories. This invention led to the building of a number of factories and is regarded as the promotion of the Industrial Revolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s development. 4.3 The Steam Engine In spite of the first steam engine was developed over fifty years before the industrial revolution, the Industrial Revolution had made a massive impact on improvements and revisions. James Watts development of the steam engine led to a great number of further developments. the new form of powering a machine could be used anywhere to create energy (Hepplewhite and Campbell, 2002). Conclusion To sum up, the Industrial Revolution was a real revolution. It had consolidated the dominant position of bourgeois. The Industrial Revolution changed the life of people and the way people lived for a long time. During the Industrial Revolution many people thought there were several negative effects but there were actually some positive effects in the Industrial Revolution. Furthermore, technology had spread all over the world and ideas had changed. Industrial Revolution was an outburst of new inventions in Britain and in other parts of the world. Many inventions from this period are still used today. During this time scientists and inventors changed the way humans thought, lived, and worked. It provided a better opportunity to express the opinions for someone who had new ideas. Because of the breakthroughs in science and manufacturing, a portion of society was able to grow healthier and wealthier. On the other hand, the new industrialization made the majority of society might pay the price. The successes of the technological changes were so profound internationally. So the Britain became the worlds leading power, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, for more than a century. The Industrial Revolution has a historic significance in these hundreds years. The people who lived in the developed countries but also the developed countries are benefited from the revolution. It is a meaningful revolution for Britain but as well in all over the world.

Australian Life :: essays research papers

Australian Life Life in the Bush The Australian life style was portrayed as one of the bushman although it was not . The life of a typical Australian was really the city life . The bushman was one with no classes and he treated every person as equal . A middle class person was the same as a working class man . The bushman was a very trust worthy and helpful character he would help a stranger as if it was his friend and if that friend needed anything he would be glade to ofer him every thing he has . The bushman lead gypsy like lifestyle with the constant moving and roaming round the country side . They would often walk or ride horse back from place to place with their tent and billy and camp out over night when they had no where to stay . The bushman where very much like aborigines they tracked and did not need a compass or a map they knew plants and trees . They called this bushcraft . A bushman would cook , clean , wash his cloths and patch his pants this made them very independent . If a bushman was ordered or commanded he would say " Are you talking to me or the dog ? " they treated everyone equal and wanted to be treated equal . They dressed in tweeds , flannel tops , with blue jumpers in the cold and yellow oilskin jackets in the rain . They wore hard wearing blucher boots and broad felt hats . The bushman would often have a drinkdown the pub . They often told stories to each other as their past time . The bushmans homes were made from slabs of bark , green hide . The houses were simple and didn't always show advantage . Nor dose it have to , the bushman's home (bellow) is there to shelter him . In the 1880's writers and painters portrayed the bush life as better then the city life . This bought on the image that all Australians lived in the bush . City Life The city life of Australia was not recognized as much as the bush life although most of the population of Australia were present in the cities . The cities in the mid 1880's were walking cities only the few wealthy were able to afford the private horse-drawn transport . The wealthy with their transport were therefore able to live out side of the city center . The working class worked and played short distances away from home . Australian Life :: essays research papers Australian Life Life in the Bush The Australian life style was portrayed as one of the bushman although it was not . The life of a typical Australian was really the city life . The bushman was one with no classes and he treated every person as equal . A middle class person was the same as a working class man . The bushman was a very trust worthy and helpful character he would help a stranger as if it was his friend and if that friend needed anything he would be glade to ofer him every thing he has . The bushman lead gypsy like lifestyle with the constant moving and roaming round the country side . They would often walk or ride horse back from place to place with their tent and billy and camp out over night when they had no where to stay . The bushman where very much like aborigines they tracked and did not need a compass or a map they knew plants and trees . They called this bushcraft . A bushman would cook , clean , wash his cloths and patch his pants this made them very independent . If a bushman was ordered or commanded he would say " Are you talking to me or the dog ? " they treated everyone equal and wanted to be treated equal . They dressed in tweeds , flannel tops , with blue jumpers in the cold and yellow oilskin jackets in the rain . They wore hard wearing blucher boots and broad felt hats . The bushman would often have a drinkdown the pub . They often told stories to each other as their past time . The bushmans homes were made from slabs of bark , green hide . The houses were simple and didn't always show advantage . Nor dose it have to , the bushman's home (bellow) is there to shelter him . In the 1880's writers and painters portrayed the bush life as better then the city life . This bought on the image that all Australians lived in the bush . City Life The city life of Australia was not recognized as much as the bush life although most of the population of Australia were present in the cities . The cities in the mid 1880's were walking cities only the few wealthy were able to afford the private horse-drawn transport . The wealthy with their transport were therefore able to live out side of the city center . The working class worked and played short distances away from home .

Break even

Breakeven is the point at which the company is not generating either profits or losses. This is the point at which the company is generating just the level of revenue which compensates for both the variable costs and the fixed costs. Variable costs fluctuate with the level of patients arriving for the scans. The greater the number of incoming patients for MRI scans, the greater the variable costs. However the fixed costs, which involve the lease payments, which are periodic, will not vary regardless of the number of patients coming in for the scan.Therefore, while greater number of patients means greater variable costs, it also means that there will be greater scope for the company to cover the fixed costs. That is of course given the fact that the price is higher than per unit variable cost. That is the case under the present scenario. The price that each customer pays for an MRI scan is $2100 while the cost that the company has to incur for each scan is $1200. The difference betwee n the price and the variable cost goes towards covering the fixed costs. That is why the breakeven equation stands as it does.As mentioned before, breakeven is the point at which there are neither profits nor loses for the company. As a result profit at this point can be considered as zero. The level of sales at which profit is zero means that under the present circumstances, the number of MRI scans that the hospital has performed cover for not only the variable costs but fixed costs as well. In the present scenario the payment that the hospital receives in return for performing the MRI scan is $2100 which is much higher than the cost of performing that scan which is $1200. Therefore, the company will have no problem in covering for the variable costs.What the hospital has to worry about is covering the fixed cost. Therefore the objective here is to determine the number of patients at which the difference between total revenue and total variable costs equals the fixed costs. The equ ation generates the 100 patients that R Squared must scan each month to cover not only the variable costs of performing each scan but also the fixed costs of operating the MRI scan equipment. 100 patients indicate the minimum number of patients that R Squared must scan each month in order to be able to stay in business, i.e. get back both the variable cost and the fixed costs. However General Hospital is ensuring 125 patients each month. This is very good for R Squared because at that number of patients, the hospital will be generating a level of profit that is higher than the $10000 calculated in question 2. Therefore R Squared will accept this contract. Question 4 If R Squared does not accept this contract it could reach an agreement with General Hospital whereby part of the costs for operating the equipment could be borne by General Hospital.This will reduce both the variables costs and the fixed costs for R Squared. In that scenario the management of the company could afford to accommodate a lower number of patients as it has to cover for a lower level of costs. Of course since 125 patients on a monthly basis means nearly $22500 of profits, there is no reason for the management not to accept this contract. However the management could be targeting a higher level of profits from its MRI division. In that case, a strategic alliance in the form of cost sharing as mentioned before could help both parties reach an agreement.

Social Influence on Bullying in Schools

Social Influence on Bullying in Schools Introduction There is no globally agreed definition of bullying. Tattum (1993) defines bullying as, â€Å"the desire to hurt or put someone under pressure†.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Influence on Bullying in Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bullying is the most malicious and malevolent form of deviant behavior widely practiced in schools and yet it has received only scant attention from national and local authorities (Tattum Lane, 1998). The vast cases of bullying take place in on school premises and most students in playgrounds are affected (Whitney and Smith, 1993). It is therefore vital to understand better the interactions and activities of students in schools in order to place specific behaviors like bullying into context. Over the past two decades, there has been a growing awareness of the extent of bullying in schools. Research in this area, inspired by the work of Olweus in Scandinavia, has done much to focus attention on characteristics of bullies and victims. A good deal of research on bullying in schools has developed around a concern with personality and other individual attributes of bullies and the victims. This is obviously vital but can sometimes obscure the situational and social influences on bullying behaviors (Blatchford, 1993). The fact is that most bullying in schools goes undetected for the very good reason that the victims are too terrified to report their suffering for fear of reprisals which can often be brutal (Pepler, Rigby, Smith, 2004). The characteristics which typify a student who is being regularly bullied are known to us. Once a student has fallen foul of the bullying menace, and demonstrates that he will not ‘split’, the bullying becomes more intense and the ensuing terror increases (Pepler, Rigby, Smith, 2004).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social Influences of Bullying Behaviors Much has been written about the reciprocal interplay among the individual, family, peer group, school, community and cultural influences on human behavior (Espelage Swearer, 2011). Social dominance theory, Demographics, School and Family characteristics are very strong factors which affects the behavior of bullying in schools. Social Dominance Theory A social biological or evolutionary perspective offers a view of peer harassment through the social dominance theory (Sanders Phye, 2004). The theory helps us to understand that the behavior of bullying has to do with the bully-victim interaction with the individual who bullies (Sanders Phye, 2004). According to Pellegrini Long (2002), social dominance theory is, â€Å"harassing or bullying behavior which occurs to force someone into a position of submission, which can especially be seen in boys during the transition from primary to second ary schools as they figure out the new social hierarchy†. According to this theory the evidently stronger students in any school will tend to dominate over the weaker ones (Sanders Phye, 2004). This is the core reason why physical bullying has to do with the size and strength of an individual subjecting his colleagues to bullying (Carney Merrell, 2001). The theory helps us to understand why the stronger members of the school population are likely to â€Å"rule† over the weaker members of the school as described in the social hierarchy concept in the theory (Sanders Phye, 2004). For example, within-groups aggression can take place in the context of the school as a whole, a grade within the school, a particular classroom within a grade, or a friendship group (Sanders Phye, 2004). One clear method of establishing social hierarchies and status within groups is through the use of aggression (Sanders Phye, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper s ample on Social Influence on Bullying in Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Perhaps aggressive students are admired by peers because rather that threatening group cohesion they actually promote a clear hierarchical organization within the groups (Sanders Phye, 2004). This theoretical approach sheds some light on why the aggressive victim group of students is so disliked and rejected by classmates (Sanders Phye, 2004). These are the students who have the capacity to destabilize the hierarchy, thus making individual group members feel uncomfortable (Sanders Phye, 2004). Aggressive students have been found to attack both weaker and stronger individuals, whereas â€Å"pure† bullies most frequently bully weaker students (Sanders Phye, 2004). Social dominance theory provides rationale for occurrence of peer harassment across the lifespan (Sanders Phye, 2004). However, an evolutionary/developmental approach to this theory can expl ain why using peer harassment as a means to establish social hierarchies might be especially prevalent and important during adolescence (Sanders Phye, 2004). Demographics and Bullying Demographic factors such as family, self-esteem, peers, ethnicity and socio-economic status also have an impact on the bullying behavior in schools. Students who portray low self-esteem are usually at great risk of being bullied and being forced to submission to the aggressive individuals (Hinduja Patchin, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it must be pointed out that, self-esteem is not the key factor that makes a student to be victimized. There is simply a correlation between low self esteem and being a bullied. The way children are taken care of by their parents is also a contributing factor to bullying behaviors in schools. According to Wang, et al. (2009), â€Å"higher parental involvement led to children being less involved in all forms of bullying†. Wang, et al also notes that, parents who have over protective behaviors for their children and also over involved in their children’s affairs predisposes their children to bullying victimization at school (Juvomen Graham, 2001). Friendship also affects bullying behaviors in schools. A student with more friends is likely to be less physically, verbally and relationally bullied. On the other hand, a student with few friends is more likely to be physically, verbally and relationally bullied (Wang et al., 2009). Socio-economic status is also a fac tor which leads to bullying behaviors in schools. A survey conducted by National Association of Health Education Centers in 2004 found that, students from low socio-economic status families in Black/Hispanic schools were more likely to be bullies. There is high correlation between being a bullying victim and the socio-economic status of the student’s family. Due et al. (2009) asserts that, â€Å"Adolescents who attend schools with larger economic inequality among students, and adolescents who live in countries with larger economic inequality, are at elevated risk of being victims of bullying† (p. 907). School and Family Characteristics Associated With Bullying Because school culture varies by individual schools and school climate is created by staff and student attitudes, it logically follows that school and family characteristics are linked to bullying and victimization (Espelage Swearer, 2011). A study conducted by Kasen and Cohen helps us to understand bullying at the school level (Kasen Cohen, 1990). Through their study this authors reveals to us the impact of school climate on the intersection of personality and bullying. They concluded that students who are bullied perceive less social support in their peers and students who are bullying perceive less social support from parents and teachers (Espelage Swearer, 2011). Conclusion It is imperative that the role of social support is an important contextual factor in bullying prevention and intervention programming (Espelage Swearer, 2011). The research base regarding bullying has grown exponentially since Dan Olweus’ pioneering intervention research in the late 19th Century. However, the field is still in a relatively early phase of development (Espelage Swearer, 2011). Several types of measures have been developed to assist school professionals in monitoring the progress of bullying interventions (Espelage Swearer, 2011). It is recommended that practitioners and educators work toge ther to identify a set of measures for determining the most effective school based bully based prevention programs. References Blatchford, P. (1998). Playtime in the primary School: Problems and Improvements. Windsor: NFER-Nelson. Carney, A.G. Merrell, K.W. (2001). Bullying in schools: Perspectives on understanding and preventing this international problem. School Psychology International, 22(3), 364-382. Espelage, D. and Swearer, M. (2011).Bullying in North American Schools. New York: Routledge publishers. Juvomen, J. and Graham, S. (2001). Peer harassment in schools. New York: The Guilford Press. Kasen, S., Johnson, J. and Cohen, P. (1990). The impact of school emotional climate on student’s psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(1), 165- 177. Namie, G. and Namie, R. (2011). The bully-free work place: stop jerks, weasels, and snakes from killing your organization. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Pellegrini, A. and Long, J. (2002). A longitudinal s tudy of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20(2), 259-280. Pepler, D., Rigby, K. and Smith, P. (2004). Bullying in schools: how successful can interventions be? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sanders, C. and Phye, G. (2004). Bullying: implications for the classroom. San Diego, Califonia: Elsevier Press. Schaffer, A. (2008). The impact of the word bully and providing the definition of bullying on the reported rate of bullying behavior. USA: ProQuest. Tattum, D. (1993). Bullying: Understanding and managing bullying. London: Heinermann publishers. Tattum, D. and Lane, D. (1998). Bullying in schools. London: Trentham Books Limited. Wang, J., Iannotti, R., and Nansel, T. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368-375. Whitney, I. and Smith, P. (1993). A survey of nature and extent of bullying in junior and secondary schools. Educational Research, 35(3), 25.

International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Essay Example

International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Essay Example International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Paper International Concepts of Beauty Final Draft Paper and survival (Smiling). But in fact, obesity IS seen as the bane of existence for women around the world in developed countries as they are De chivied by the beauty industry resulting in eating disorders in order to measure up to an unrealistic and unhealthy weight. As Shower author of beauty Standards states: Eating disorders occur in societies where food is abundant and the body ideal is thin. They do not occur where food is scarce and people have to worry about where e their next meal is coming from. For example, there is a lower incidence of eating disorder errs among women living in monoester, non industrialized nations and among certain et hon. minorities in the United States. Immigrants to Western countries are more like Ely to develop eating disorders than those who remain in their country of origin. As economic changes occur in monoester societies, the incidence of eating disorders is in creasing. They are becoming common clinical problems in young women in high income e Asian societies such as Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and the Republic of K area . Kim 3 They have also appeared in major cities in allowance Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia . They have even been identified in u unexpected locations such as India and Africa. In addition, ideal standards of beauty in any culture Re communicated and passed down to new generations in various ways, including personal example, through story ling, poetry, fiction, art, and, in modern times, the mass media (Sheerer). It is through the e fads of beauty that women aspire to follow, even though at one point todays ideals of beauty y would have been scandalous. Likewise, the worlds culture of the human body is redesigning, r escaping, and refashioning ourselves to satisfy or meet the standard s of our social means d urine different time periods Cowboy Culture). Every culture has their own unique standards of BEA duty dependent of what is popular or mainstream at the time. During the Renaissance period, the e ideal women had red lips and cheeks, white skin, blond hair, dark eyebrows, a long slender neck k, firm, round reacts with pink nipples, small feet, and a slim waist (Sheerer). During the 16th century in Europe, the emphasis on pale skin indicated delicacy and purity, a female virtue u Compared to darker or more vivid tones, which were regarded as masculine (Sheerer). Alls o, it was for several centuries that China emphasized the importance and beauty in small f et as foot binding was the key to a womans beauty. For Chinese women who did not have small feet during the Five Dynasties Period was suicide because foot binding was essentially Amanda Tory step and duty in order to gain a husband can provide for them. Equally important, the West erne standard of beauty is becoming the global standard of beauty. Some critics argue that by accepting a Westernizes global standard of beauty, ethnic groups around the world are to sing aside important elements of their culture. Others assert that standards of beauty AR e overcharging and Kim 4 cannot be defined strictly by history. Celebration Concepts of Beauty). M rover, throughout the globe, thinness is the new fad that defines beauty, and whom en not just in the United States, develop serious eating disorders like bulimia, anorexia nervous , and more. About vive to ten million Americans are affected by eating disorders, and among too SE millions, it is estimated that 5 to 15% of people are diagnosed (Smiling). Regarding eating d crosiers, the problem begins when Satisfaction changes into a distorted and extremely negative image and this excessive preoccupation with the idea that some part of a persons p hysterical appearance is deformed or ugly is the definition of body dystrophy disorder which is IM packed by the media and the members of the community (Body Dystrophy Disorder). Co untiringly, social and economic status has become based on beauty. The body culture reflect[ s], therefore, the social ten sions, culture, and politics of the period (Body Culture). Beauty is n to found in the body but expressed through the body. The cultivation of the human body all owed people to create a sense of sulfanilamide and personal agency (Body Culture). The concept of beauty is a global issue concerning the young women of today because the modern world is too focused on perfection, and in certain cultures, to pro cure it is to go through series Of painful procedures. In fact, in a world where beauty comes first, people will whose to cut, reshape, and fix their face and body to fit the standards of.. Hat is seen in magazines, in movies, and on television (Mimes). Another problem facing whom en is the restriction beauty proposes to women, and in countries like the United States, England, China, and Korea, it incarcerates women and prevent women from being free. More over, society puts restrictions on women by valuing beauty above other attributes. Certain tattoo so, beauty marks, hairstyles, and body shape roughly indicates peoples position in a commun ity Also, the mass Kim 5 media pressures women fainting to look perfect by promoting cosmetic us Gerry. The picture perfect models that graces the cover Of magazines are promoted in a twisted kind of beauty as it is nearly impossible for humans to be perfect because we are not. Instead of appreciating and loving their looks, Women undergo sometimes painful processes with the AI m of being considered beautiful, and thus desirable (Magenta). Programs like Photos p alter, distort, and fix the natural body in magazines, movies, etc. The issue rampant around the e world, especially in more developed countries like the United States and the Great Britain, and in these countries omen are most susceptible to the dangers of the media and their standards of beauty. Mass communication and media has made international standards of beauty convey rage; the Western features are slowly but surely dominating and changing the beauty standards of the world. This is an issue because other groups and nations lose their own identity and cult re as they try to fit in with what is mainstream. The loss and fading of a cultures identity is fourth re a restriction on women. Not all women are of the same background, culture, or even have the e same physical features yet many women from the African American and Asian cultures try t change their own identity to fit the Western image. By engaging in beauty practices women try yet live up to the beauty images communicated to them via their male partners, advertising, FAA scion designers, (porn) movies, and others, and by doing so, women are restricted (Charisma) Pressures not only from family and peers but also the media to diet can fourth re distort body image, which lead to Abnormal eating behaviors and increase the risk of eating disorders. Having a healthy body image means you are accepting and appear dative of your body and realistic about your body size. The most common body image problems I include dissatisfaction with your body and distortion, which is the inability to see your self as you really Kim 6 are. Body image problems can affect eating behavior and increase the risk of eating disorders (Smi ling). In countries like the Unites States, Europe, and Asia, the ideals and s tankards of beauty are the sources of all evil as women are bound to the beauty industry, and in some cue Trees like Bangkok where women will go through dangerous cosmetic prop dress for the sake of beauty, the chains and the grip the body culture has on women become dig term and tighter (Bangkok Deadly Obsession with Beauty). Sheila Jeffrey, a scholar, author, p lattice activist, has similar opinions in which she has a vision of a world without harmful BEA duty practices which seems to be a utopian one in a world organized into along capitalist line sees (Charisma). Along with pressures to conform to Western beauty standards, ideals of thin news in Asian American women are influenced in anorexic or bulimic behaviors (Low). Ho waver, the stereotypical standpoint of eating disorders being a white womans issue ha s gone beyond just white women. Thinness, in todays society, is the ultimate goal women must achieve in order to be considered beautiful or even just fit in with the main crowd. Thinness is not just a headache in Caucasians, but also in other cultures such as African Americans, Latino, Asians, and more. The ideal of thinness is the supreme restriction on women in these e cultures as being thin is the first big step to being close to the ideal. Furthermore, among the Mended people of the Sierra Leone in Africa, women aspire to be as beautiful as Tangoing, a merman id in Mended mythology, who is regarded as perfection, and the mythological mermaid who chi is considered to be the ideal woman, in this culture, has long, thick, strong hair, an imports NT focus of appearance for Mended women, as well as some other feature-?eyes, head, BRB seats, hands, legs, or buttocks (Sheerer). Furthermore, African American women are affected by t he problem Of beauty as they allow the Western features to dominate and dictate what is De med beautiful. It is Kim 7 wrong that African women have allowed the West to dictate to us what a BEA dutiful woman should look like because this kind of thing makes African women feel inferior to white women (Adjoin). The West promotes long, straight hair and African American women hide their curly hair by weaving or getting a straight perm. Beauty plays an important role in classifying people to their respective social hierarchy. Beauty standards can have a strong impact on social attitudes and interpret Anal relations. Studies have shown that people tend to hold certain attitudes toward those t hey find attractive (Sheerer). Thus, practices related to the cultivation of the human body have served as means to symbolically reinforce social distinctions (Body Culture). Beauty comes Han d in hand with ones social hierarchy as beauty determine s her social status and judgment. To people who find those attractive, more positive and charming comments are rendered rather t Han a condescending judgment. In other words, in todays world, the beautiful people of all sexes have a greater choice of sexual partners, and more chances of raising their status by fair me anus or foul (Martin). Continuing, outward appearance directly correlates to peoples such sees and freedom in society. In fact, as stated by Smiling, an author of Nutrition and Eating Dish orders: In North America, where young women are particularly concerned with body I age, being thin is associated with beauty, success, intelligence, and vitality. No Am Rican girl wants to be plump. Young women find themselves in a world where they are expected to be independent, have a prestigious job, maintain a successful love relationship p, bear and nurture children, manage a household, and stay in fashion. These pressures may make them feel they are unable to control all aspects of their life, so they turn to of do intake and body weight as an area in which they can exercise control. These are Nat rural choices, Kim 8 because society tells us that being thin brings success (Smiling). Additionally, the borrowing of western culture and the fashion and entertain meet industries, which set the pace and trend for almost every aspect Of our lives h eave not helped issues with the stiff competition to appear perfect (Cheating Nature With Coos emetic Surgery! ). In the film King Kong, King Kong mistakes the main character for another whom an with blonde hair and fair skin, this shows how only people with characteristics like the maim n character is beautiful. Sherry McCarthy, who writes in Blonde Is Beautiful Mystique on USA Today, admits that she was disturbed by its gender message: that foreordained blond news is the essence of female beauty, so powerful an aphrodisiac that it can tame a savage beast. The beauty industry is dramatic in that it emphasizes and alters possible beau Toto impossible. Advertisers want people to think that the beauty promoted by the e media is obtainable by using their products. This is a trap that the media has created s o that people will spend more and more. It is a way for advertisers to make money (Negative B DOD Image). Evidence as follows from Negative Body Image: The Beauty Industry you see them every. Where-?perfect, beautiful women an d men. Anywhere you look-?magazines, television, movies, even video games-?you c ant get away from seeing females and males who either look like or actually are fish on models, staring you down and making you feel less than perfect. But the truth is, these e perfect models look this way for many reasons. First of all, they are usually wearing h eave makeup (even to achieve the natural much that you probably would dont even recognize models if you saw them on the street without their makeup. Special I camera angles and lighting add to the illusion of perfection. Most pictures of women I n fashion Kim 9 Gaines are airbrushed or altered by a computer. This means that after the photo is taken, professionals use special tools to correct any imperfections that show up in the photo and might make the model look less than ideal , and According to a r search study on social issues, todays media ideal of thinness for females is achievable e by less than 5 percent of the female population. No wonder that a 1995 study found that after just three minutes of looking at a fashion magazine, 70 percent of women nit reviewed felt depressed and guilty. In 1 999, Anne Becker, director of research at the Harvard rd Eating Disorders Center, reported that when she surveyed teenage girls on the island d of Fiji in 1998, only thirtieth months after the medium of television first became via label on the island, 74 percent reported feeling too big or fat at least sometimes. Too SE who watched TV at least three nights per week were 50 percent more likely than to hers to see themselves as too fat, and 30 percent more likely to diet, even though they w arent overweight. Solutions in alleviating the problems caused by beauty include: promoting diva resist instead of focusing on Western features, helping women to have more confine dunce in the body, ND help change the impossible beauty the media promotes to standards that t are realistic. For example, by being open to and promoting the beauty of what other cultures a ND nations find beautiful, there will be more diversity. Allowing more diversity will help alleviate ate the restrictions as it will provide women with more to consider and appraise as b dutiful than just the hootenannies features. Women who do not fit the image of the Western CUL true, especially women from other ethnic groups, will be less restricted and free. Furthermore e, by promoting and helping others, especially women, to have confidence in their natural body an and its flaws will Kim 10 decrease the restrictions on women. Also making changes to the distorted IM ages the media brainwashes can help the future generations to grow up with more truth. Insist dad of promoting the deceitful pictures of Victoria Secret models or the ambiguous commercial s on television, the media should advertise the real body culture. The f act that many people have become obsessed with beauty either do not know w how it affects them negatively or are not doing anything to change this reality has become problematic.

See the dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See the dis - Essay Example A sales plan will be prudent since it helps in organizing and thinking through ones’ sales strategy. Its writing should be in a way that makes sense to the marketer. It should include the sales goals, which should be specific and measurable. The goal bases on the nature of product and breaks it down into manageable parts. For example, sell 50 units to end-users in 30 days and sell 100 units to local independent retailers in six months. Through this, the management will be able to know the projection of profits they would be able to make at a certain time (Ellis, Fitchet, Higgins, Jack, Lim, Saren and Tadajewski 25-26). The company should ensure it has sales activities, which would help the management develop a plan that makes sales. The sales can be direct-to-consumer through a website or via craft shows. In addition, the sales may include activities like developing a sell sheet, to send to independent retail stores (McLeish 45). This will enable the company realize more sales with more strategic sale plans in place since the management will know what to undertake at different times of economic downturns. With the growth use of the social site in UAE, the marketers should consider marketing the product on the website. ... Inconveniences arise to its customers if the number of distribution channels is too few, while too many distribution channels may increase its operating cost. There should therefore be a retail store with easy access and more convenient to the consumer (Ulph 98). The company should seek to adopt e-commerce fully at the stage of webpage promotion of products and services. This increases the chances of online sales and marketing at large. Summit sportswear should also seek to franchise its distribution channels, not only to increase its incomes, but also to minimize its operating cost and unify its operation mode to enhance its brand identity. In coming up with the retail prices, the company should research its competitors' prices and manufacturer suggested prices to determine product pricing. Once the product has moved from the wholesale, the retailers should decide on what type of retail prices to set. They can determine price by using three pricing models: cost-based pricing, compet ition-based pricing or customer-based pricing. Cost-based pricing sets the retailer’s price based on product and operating costs. Competition-based pricing uses local competitors' prices to decide on retail charges. Customer-based pricing sets retail prices based on how much the products is in demand (Ellis, Fitchet, Higgins, Jack, Lim, Saren and Tadajewski 180). In determining retail prices and the willingness of the customers to buy, the managers should review the manufacturer suggested retail price as a starting point. This would give managers an idea of the value of the product from the manufacturer's perspective. The organization should set prices close to his competitors (Synder 98). Charging too much or too little

Serenity in My Bedroom at Past Midnight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Serenity in My Bedroom at Past Midnight - Essay Example I selected Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. I longed to travel to another culture, time, and place. I wanted to know about Afghan beliefs and practices, as well as their food, music, literature, and clothing. Mom prepared my favorite chicken sandwich with generous chicken breast strips and low-fat mayonnaise. She always puts diced onions, several slices of pickled cucumber, and tomatoes and used toasted wheat bread. I sat on my comfortable reading chair with sufficient light for my reading session. I took a moderate bite size of my sandwich and tasted the spicy, salty, sour mixture of the mayonnaise, pickled cucumber, onions, and pepper. The chicken tasted moist and fresh, as well as the tomatoes and crisp tomato. The cold wind rushed in spurts from my window. I sipped hot green tea for every bite of my oven-baked sandwich. The warmth of my green tea relaxed me further. The feel and smell of a good book refreshed my spirit. I prepared to embark on a long and wonderful journe y to a faraway place. â€Å"Some Good Things are Too Good to be True† But sometimes, good things come to an abrupt end, which began when I forgot to lock my door. My eight-year old cousin visited us this afternoon. Or rather, his parents left him overnight. They wanted some precious â€Å"us† time, and now I understand why. ... His shirt reminded me of a tire that ran on mud with stones and twigs sticking out. My mind somehow disconnected from my physical body, as it felt the horror of a good night saying goodbye. I saw my reading self as an image breaking into pieces, and I heard the clattering of the pieces on tiled floors. Then, I went back to the real world. I heard him whining about our outdated PlayStation and asked when we would purchase a suitable Xbox for his recreation purposes. And I smelled something else that did not register immediately in my nostrils. He had some green puke matter on his collar. I sensed his sticky hand on my arm, while he said that I was not listening to him. I felt sick to my stomach, and soon my sandwich tasted like iron. Heat rose to my neck. I must have turned into an eggplant by then. My perfect night laid in ruins, as I listened to him chatter about his computer games. Rhetorical Analysis I created these two different impressions of the same time and place through usin g the tools of description, narration, and example and illustration. Narration refers to telling about events and characters. I used narration to describe myself as a character in my own story and to narrate the events of my story. The first paragraph showed that I enjoyed classical music and set aside time for recreational reading: â€Å"I played Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Piano Sonata No.16 In C Major to set the mood for my planned late night reading last Friday.† This paragraph also included my mother, who prepared an amazing chicken sandwich, one of my favorite comfort foods ever. Her preparation of my food and drinks indicated that she supported my reading sessions and that she was thoughtful and sweet. For

Managing Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Projects - Essay Example The Ashleigh Music Festival Company has been tasked with the responsibility of managing this project and ensuring that it is successful. This essay will discuss how the Ashleigh Music Festival as a major project can be executed so as to successfully organize and execute it. This essay will also discuss the key issues of the Ashleigh Music Festival project such as the key tasks to be completed so that the festival can be ready for opening, the importance of using project management skills and techniques and the skills and competencies required of the project team among others. Part B: The importance of Project management tools The Ashleigh Music Festival is an important event the needs to be properly managed so as to ensure that it is successful. Effective project management techniques and processes need to be applied to this project for a number of reasons. These project management techniques and processes may include the creation of a business case, defining the scope of the project , being clear about the goals and objectives that need to be achieved by the project, coming up with a viable project plan and selecting the best project team to execute the project (Archibald 1992). The first reason why it would be important to use these project management techniques and processes in the Ashleigh Music Festival is because the project management team will be provided with the opportunity to take charge of the available resources so as to ensure that the team produces the highest quality deliverables that are on time and within the set budget (Bradford, Duncan & Tarcy 2000). This is much easier when project management techniques and processes are used to plan and execute a project (Cleland 1994). The second reason why it would be important to use project management techniques and processes in the Ashleigh Music Festival is to ensure that all set deadlines for the project are met and that all the necessary actions have a timeline at which they should be executed and a chieved (Burt, Dobler & Starling 2003). When project management techniques and processes are applied, deadlines for each action are given. This means that all the actions will have a timeline during which they should be carried out and completed successfully (Cleland & Gareis 2006). This increases the chances of the entire project succeeding as opposed to when there are no set deadlines. Defining the scope of the project is important because it will help the project to focus on what it is set to achieve, and nothing else. It will enable the project team to remain on course and focus their attention on only what the project is set to achieve. Producing a project plan will outline all the processes that need to be conducted and show how they shall be executed. The plan will act as a guide for all the actions that take place during the project’s life cycle. Getting the right team together is also one of the most important factors that will determine whether the project is succes sful or not. The project team is the heart of the project because it is responsible for planning for it and executing it. Creating a business case is necessary because it will provide a solution to the problems likely to be experienced in the project. Essentially, project management entails a number of processes and standard control systems that will ensure the success of projects like the Ashleigh Music

Lab report Essay Example for Free

Lab report Essay A molecular diffusion experiment of acetone-air (redundant w/ last sentence. . concise)was conducted with the goal of determining the diffusion coefficient of acetone into air. For this experiment, acetone was placed in a test tub 3mm OD, 2mm ID . . (is that correct? ) NMR tube? e and was allowed to diffuse into non-diffusing air that was passed over the test tube. The air that passed over the tube was from natural circulation in the room and no air was forced over the top of the test tube. The diffusion occurred over a period of approximately eight hours, with readings taken each hour. After analyzing the data collected from the performance of this experiment, tThe diffusion coefficient was calculated to be 0. 098 + 0. 02 cm2/s at T = ?. After completing our calculations, oOur results were then compared using the Chapman-Enskog equation as well as the Fuller, Schettler, and Giddings method. The diffusion coefficient calculated by the Chapman-Enskog was 0. 990 + 0. 001 cm2/s and the result of the Fuller, Schettler, and Giddings method was 0. 104 + . 002 cm2/s. The literature value found in Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook was 0. 125 + 0. 00 cm2/s. (at T = ?. . . or extrapolated from? ) The agreement of our method with the other methods available for calculating the diffusion coefficient was very good (how good is â€Å"very† good. .. significant discrepencies or not? ), and also agreed well with the literature value found. This led to a conclusion that this method of determining the diffusion coefficient of acetone into air can be aconsidered a reasonably reliable method. BACKGROUND Molecular diffusion is the transfer or movement of individual molecules through a fluid by random molecular movements (Geankoplis 412, year of publication). In the diffusion process, the molecules of interest flow from regions of high concentration to low concentration. Molecular diffusion can occur in both directions with the system. In the case of the diffusion tube experiment, however, acetone diffuses through non-diffusing air, which is passed over the top of the test tube containing the acetone. The air is allowed into the test tube, but does not diffuse into the acetone. Molecular diffusion of gases has been studied for many years. Molecular diffusion is a mass transport process Motivation for its study comes from the fact that chemical separation processes such as distillation, drying, ion exchange systems as well as many other processes depend on molecular diffusion (Kirk-Othmer Vol 8, p 149(check format)). EXPERIMENTAL METHODS For the performance of this experiment, a small test tube was filled approximately a third full of acetoneBe specific. . how small, starting height, diam, etc. This test tube was then vertically placed in a 10mL graduated cylinder which contained small beads. The purpose of the beads was to ensure that the test tube remained vertical. This assembly was then placed on a digital scale. The amount of air movement provided by the ventilation system was assumed to be adequate so as to ensure that the concentration of the acetone at the top of the tube was zero. An initial acetone level in the test tube was taken, as well as the mass of the assembly and the temperature of the area surrounding the assembly. After this initial data was taken, the area temperature and mass of the assembly were taken approximately every hour for the next eight hours. The final level of the acetone in the test tube was taken when the final temperature and mass reading were taken. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS From the data collected from the experiment, the diffusion coefficient was calculated using equation 6. 2-26 from Geankoplis: (Equation 1) As the z value was only recorded at the beginning and the end of the experiment, the intermediate values of z had to be calculated. The following equation was used for the calculation of the intermediate z values: (Equation 2) Thus, all values but DAB were known and could be plotted versus time to obtain a linear plot. By rearranging equation 1, it can be seen that the slope of this plot will be equal to 1/ DAB : (Equation 1. 1) The initial plot of data which includes all points is shown below in Figure 1. This plot contains all points and has an R2 value of 0. 9478. From this plot the molecular diffusivity coefficient was determined to be 0. 108 + 0. 022 cm2/s. Figure 1: First plot of data in Equation 1 The second point in the data (t=2700s) showed no diffusion occurred in the first 45 minutes, which seems unlikely (yes, good- sensitivity of balance, etc). If this point is taken as erroneous, the R2 value goes up to 0. 9639 (more important here will be the confidence interval on the slop. . . get that from Tools- Data Analyis-Regression menu in Excel or else in Polymath or TableCureve, etc) and the molecular diffusivity calculates out to be 0. 098 + 0. 021 cm2/s. The plot of the experimental data excluding the second point is presented below in Figure 2. Figure 2: Second plot of data in Equation 1. . forcing through zero point is good. . . looks to me like first FOUR points would give a lower Dab then the last 4. Problems with next 3 that lie below line? Anytihing suspicious happening here? To determine the time it takes for the system to reach steady state, the following equation can be used to calculate the fraction of steady state the system is at: (Equation 3) By plotting the value of ((NA)t/(NA)t=? ) versus time, the curve in Figure 3 was generated which demonstrates the systems approach to steady state. Wow, great! Cite source.  (still wonder about SST conditions of 1st 4 pts though. . . Figure 3: Fraction of steady state versus time From this plot, it could be said that the system achieves steady state in 115 minutes; however, there is strong evidence this may not be accurate. As mentioned earlier, the second point may be erroneous. This would change the path of the curve. In addition, data was not collected at a high enough frequency for this curve to be highly accurate at predicting the time to steady state. If in fact the second point is erroneous, the system could have come to steady state well before 115 minutes. This time of 115 minutes at best, could be the upper bound (or lower bound according to Whitaker’s criteria in his article (handout). . . not sure!! for the time it takes for the system to come to steady state. The scatter in the data can be attributed to various factors in the experiment. The scatter could be attributed to the changes in temperature, as the temperature did fluctuate slightly through the duration of the experiment – Good!. At what time did it stabilize?. The change in temperature would cause a change in the partial pressure of the acetone leading to further deviations. In addition, there was no measure of airflow past the tube. Changes in the airflow could also have contributed to the scatter as it could effect the concentration of the acetone at the top of the test tube (Good! ). The diffusion coefficient was also calculated using the Chapman Enskog equation, (Equation 4) and the Fuller, Schettler and Giddings method. (Equation 5) A literature value was also found for acetone at K(check Perrys), which was corrected to our experimental temperature using the correlation (Equation 6) The values obtained with these methods as well as those from the experimental data are presented in Table 2. Table 1: Values of molecular diffusivity coefficients found. ** ** A very good way to show this graphically in Excel would be to use a bar graph showing the values of Dab as height of a bar by method used, and error bars to easily demonstrate any overlap of uncertainty, discrepancy, etc. Example: The Chapman Enskog method is accurate within 8% and the Fuller Schettler and Giddings value has a lower accuracy than the Chapman Enskog (Geankoplis 425). The Chapman Enskog value is less than 1% different than the experimental value and the Fuller Schettler and Giddings value only about 6% different. From this analysis, it seems these equations predicted the experimental value very well. These calculated values are about 20% lower than the literature value. This variance may come from the inconsistent temperature in the room or from pressure fluctuations in the room caused perhaps by the starting and stopping of the HVAC systems. For the derivation of Equation 1, several assumptions are made. Beginning with the general equation (Geankoplis 6.  2-14): (Equation 7) One assumption was that because the case examined was a diffusing A (acetone) into non-diffusing B (air), the diffusion flux of air into the acetone (NB) was equal to zero. Another assumption made was that since the total pressure was low, the acetone gas diffusing into air was an ideal gas. This allowed for the term c to be replaced with its ideal gas equivalent, P/RT. Add itionally, the air passing over the test tube was assumed to contain no water vapor. An average air velocity that was uniform was passing over the acetone containing test tube was also assumed. There are non-idealities that exist in the molecular diffusion of acetone into air. Some of these non-idealities are corrected for in the journal from Lee and Wilke. Acetone displays surface tension effects which, instead of having a perfectly horizontal liquid surface, give the liquid acetone a slightly downward curved liquid level. Because of this curvature, the actual diffusion path length that the acetone travels is smaller than what the diffusion length would appear to be based on center liquid level or calculated liquid volume (Lee 2384). Along with a non ideal liquid surface, the air passing over the open end of the tube may cause some turbulence to exist in the top portion of the tube. With its existence, the turbulent area of the tube will cause a length to exist inside the tube where the concentration of acetone is zero. With the presence of this acetone vapor-free region, the diffusion length is again shorter than it would appear to be. To account for the non-idealities in the diffusion process, Lee and Wilke do not use the apparent diffusion path. Instead, they use an effective average diffusion path which they give by: (Equation 8) Where x is the effective average diffusion path, ? xs is the length of the curvature of the non-ideal liquid to account for the surface tension forces, ? xe is the length of the tube where the acetone vapor-free region exists due to turbulence that exists from the passage of the air, and ? x ­ is the sum of ? xs and ? xe (Lee 2384). When this is substituted back into the diffusion equation, it becomes the following: (Equation 9) Where Da is the apparent diffusion coefficient and D is the true diffusion coefficient based on the true diffusion path (Lee 2384). The way our experiment was setup, the driving force for the air across the test tube was natural air flow and did not employ forced air flow. Because of this, the length of the tube where the turbulence existed in the Lee and Wilke journal would most likely not have been present in our experiment. Also, the initial liquid acetone level selected in our experiment was such that the length of the curvature due to the surface tension forces on the acetone would have been negligible when compared to the apparent diffusion length of the tube. The initial height of the liquid in the tube for this experiment was chosen wisely. The reason for this is that with the initial level that was chosen, a sufficiently long diffusion path existed such that the non-idealities that were accounted for in the Lee and Wilke journal entry would have had a very insignificant impact on the results of our experiment. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS From the data collected an analyzed, it has been determined that the experimental procedure used here can determine the molecular diffusivity coefficient with some level of accuracy. For future experiments, some form of air flow regulation should be investigated. Something as simple as a room fan could be placed next to the scale to ensure a more constant air flow. Another increase in accuracy could be achieved by regulating the temperature with more consistency. If the experiment could be performed in a large insulated room, the temperature may not vary as much. Good job on Discussion, Conclusions, etc. . . to improve maybe expand to relate what YOU think are the main ‘uncertaintys’ that caused problems in your particular case and show evidence to support.