Monday, September 30, 2019
Hospital Management System
KOFORIDUA POLYTECHNIC PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM (A CASE STUDY AT POLYTECHNIC CLINIC, KOFORIDUA) FOR HND COMPUTER NETWORK MANAGEMENT STUDENT’S NAME: WESONO FELIX 04/2010/582D DITSA, JONAS CUDJOE 04/2010/561D DATE: 6TH MARCH, 2013 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT AWARD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TENTATIVE TITLE (OR FINAL TITLE): †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ APPROVED BY HEAD OF DEPARTMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APPROVED BY DEAN, SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 1 1. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECTHospital administrators are often overwhelmed with information about a bulky number of patients and their stays to the hospital that need to be organized and kept up-to-date. The patient management system is a web based application that is designed and developed for hospital administrators and doctors to organize information on patient visits. The system intends to facilitate several steps in the process from the patient registration and to the patient evaluation. During this process, there will be many tasks that have to be handled by this system including maintaining complete information.The main objective of the system is to provide the administration staff and doctors with an easily maintainable information system for patient registration, visit scheduling and patient tracking with latest information. 1. 2. OBJECTIVES The main objectives for establishing this project is to solve the problem notified in the research. The objectives are outlined as follows: I. To improve patient’s registration II. To increase level of patient management III. To improve on patient records keeping IV. To assign doctors to patients V. Doctor Management VI. Bed/Room ManagementVII. Doctors can update the patient’s record with their observations 1. 3. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT In a given day, number of patients visits a hospital or a clinic. Many hospitals in Ghana still manage the patient data manually. Hospitals will be able to save money and time if they have a good software program for managing patient’s data. The idea is to develop web based patient management software that can be used to keep track of the patients registering in a hospital or clinic. Doctors and the rooms available in a hospital can be managed using this system.Also, this system should support accessing the previous visit histories of any patient, search for patients by name etc. A few points to be noted about the system we are developing here * A patient can be categorized as â€Å" In patient†or â€Å"Out Patient†. If patient type is â€Å"In Patient†, a bed will be assigned to the patient. * A doctor will be assigned to each patient before the patient meets the doctor. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time. * A patient can visit the hospital any number of times The project has been planned to be having the view of distributed architecture, with centralized storage of the database.The application for the storage of the data has been planned. Using the constructs of MS-SQL Server and all the user interfaces have been designed using the ASP. Net technologies. The database connectivity is planned using the â€Å"SQL Connection†methodology. The st andards of security and data protective mechanism have been given a big choice for proper usage. The application takes care of different modules and their associated reports, which are produced as per the applicable strategies and standards that are put forwarded by the administrative staff.The entire project has been developed keeping in view of the distributed client server computing technology, in mind. The specification has been normalized up to 3NF to eliminate all the anomalies that may arise due to the database transaction that are executed by the general users and the organizational administration. The user interfaces are browser specific to give distributed accessibility for the overall system. The internal database has been selected as MS-SQL server 200. The basic constructs of table spaces, clusters and indexes have been exploited to provide higher consistency and reliability for the data storage.The MS-SQL server 200 was a choice as it provides the constructs of high-lev el reliability and security. The total front end was dominated using the ASP. Net technologies. At all proper levels high care was taken to check that the system manages the data consistency with proper business rules or validations. The database connectivity was planned using the latest â€Å"SQL Connection†technology provided by Microsoft Corporation. The authentication and authorization was crosschecked at all the relevant stages. The user level accessibility has been restricted into two zones namely. . 4. PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM * Cannot Upload and Download the latest updates. * No use of Web Services and Remoting. * Risk of mismanagement of data when the project is under development. * Less Security. * No proper coordination between different Applications and Users. * Fewer Users – Friendly. 1. 5. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in view of the datab ase integration approach. 1. User friendliness is provided in the application with various controls. 2.The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. 3. Readily upload the latest updates, allows user to download the alerts by clicking the URL. 4. There is no risk of data mismanagement at any level while the project development is under process. 5. It provides high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter is on the related literature of the study and tries to place the study into its theoretical framework. It explores fields of related theories of the study which will serve as the basis for monitoring patients and their records.There is a lot of similar software in the market, example hospital management system which also function the same but it is very complex to use (non-user friendly) and requires a degree of training and expertise before one can use it. With the PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM, everyth ing is flexible and more user friendly with a high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 8. BUDGET The budget of the research study will be: ACTIVITY| DURATION| INPUTS/ITEMS REQUIRED| COSTGH| Research| One (1) week| A – 4 paper (3 Rims), laptop| 20. 0| Interviews| One (1)week| | 10. 00| Interface Designer| Five (5 )Days | A- 4 sheets| 10. 00| Data Analysis| One (1)week| | 15. 00| Coding| Two (2) weeks| | 10. 00| Printing & Photocopying| One (1) weeks| A- 4 sheets| 30. 00| Binding | Three (3)Days| | 15. 00| Preparation of final Study Report| Three (3) weeks| | 50. 00| | | SUB TOTAL| 160. 00| | | | | | | TOTAL| 170. 00| | | | | 1. 9. TIMELINE This project is going to be undertaken in two months two weeks to finish the project (PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM). Hospital Management System KOFORIDUA POLYTECHNIC PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM (A CASE STUDY AT POLYTECHNIC CLINIC, KOFORIDUA) FOR HND COMPUTER NETWORK MANAGEMENT STUDENT’S NAME: WESONO FELIX 04/2010/582D DITSA, JONAS CUDJOE 04/2010/561D DATE: 6TH MARCH, 2013 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT AWARD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TENTATIVE TITLE (OR FINAL TITLE): †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ APPROVED BY HEAD OF DEPARTMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APPROVED BY DEAN, SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 1 1. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECTHospital administrators are often overwhelmed with information about a bulky number of patients and their stays to the hospital that need to be organized and kept up-to-date. The patient management system is a web based application that is designed and developed for hospital administrators and doctors to organize information on patient visits. The system intends to facilitate several steps in the process from the patient registration and to the patient evaluation. During this process, there will be many tasks that have to be handled by this system including maintaining complete information.The main objective of the system is to provide the administration staff and doctors with an easily maintainable information system for patient registration, visit scheduling and patient tracking with latest information. 1. 2. OBJECTIVES The main objectives for establishing this project is to solve the problem notified in the research. The objectives are outlined as follows: I. To improve patient’s registration II. To increase level of patient management III. To improve on patient records keeping IV. To assign doctors to patients V. Doctor Management VI. Bed/Room ManagementVII. Doctors can update the patient’s record with their observations 1. 3. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT In a given day, number of patients visits a hospital or a clinic. Many hospitals in Ghana still manage the patient data manually. Hospitals will be able to save money and time if they have a good software program for managing patient’s data. The idea is to develop web based patient management software that can be used to keep track of the patients registering in a hospital or clinic. Doctors and the rooms available in a hospital can be managed using this system.Also, this system should support accessing the previous visit histories of any patient, search for patients by name etc. A few points to be noted about the system we are developing here * A patient can be categorized as â€Å" In patient†or â€Å"Out Patient†. If patient type is â€Å"In Patient†, a bed will be assigned to the patient. * A doctor will be assigned to each patient before the patient meets the doctor. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time. * A patient can visit the hospital any number of times The project has been planned to be having the view of distributed architecture, with centralized storage of the database.The application for the storage of the data has been planned. Using the constructs of MS-SQL Server and all the user interfaces have been designed using the ASP. Net technologies. The database connectivity is planned using the â€Å"SQL Connection†methodology. The st andards of security and data protective mechanism have been given a big choice for proper usage. The application takes care of different modules and their associated reports, which are produced as per the applicable strategies and standards that are put forwarded by the administrative staff.The entire project has been developed keeping in view of the distributed client server computing technology, in mind. The specification has been normalized up to 3NF to eliminate all the anomalies that may arise due to the database transaction that are executed by the general users and the organizational administration. The user interfaces are browser specific to give distributed accessibility for the overall system. The internal database has been selected as MS-SQL server 200. The basic constructs of table spaces, clusters and indexes have been exploited to provide higher consistency and reliability for the data storage.The MS-SQL server 200 was a choice as it provides the constructs of high-lev el reliability and security. The total front end was dominated using the ASP. Net technologies. At all proper levels high care was taken to check that the system manages the data consistency with proper business rules or validations. The database connectivity was planned using the latest â€Å"SQL Connection†technology provided by Microsoft Corporation. The authentication and authorization was crosschecked at all the relevant stages. The user level accessibility has been restricted into two zones namely. . 4. PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM * Cannot Upload and Download the latest updates. * No use of Web Services and Remoting. * Risk of mismanagement of data when the project is under development. * Less Security. * No proper coordination between different Applications and Users. * Fewer Users – Friendly. 1. 5. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in view of the datab ase integration approach. 1. User friendliness is provided in the application with various controls. 2.The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. 3. Readily upload the latest updates, allows user to download the alerts by clicking the URL. 4. There is no risk of data mismanagement at any level while the project development is under process. 5. It provides high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter is on the related literature of the study and tries to place the study into its theoretical framework. It explores fields of related theories of the study which will serve as the basis for monitoring patients and their records.There is a lot of similar software in the market, example hospital management system which also function the same but it is very complex to use (non-user friendly) and requires a degree of training and expertise before one can use it. With the PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM, everyth ing is flexible and more user friendly with a high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 8. BUDGET The budget of the research study will be: ACTIVITY| DURATION| INPUTS/ITEMS REQUIRED| COSTGH| Research| One (1) week| A – 4 paper (3 Rims), laptop| 20. 0| Interviews| One (1)week| | 10. 00| Interface Designer| Five (5 )Days | A- 4 sheets| 10. 00| Data Analysis| One (1)week| | 15. 00| Coding| Two (2) weeks| | 10. 00| Printing & Photocopying| One (1) weeks| A- 4 sheets| 30. 00| Binding | Three (3)Days| | 15. 00| Preparation of final Study Report| Three (3) weeks| | 50. 00| | | SUB TOTAL| 160. 00| | | | | | | TOTAL| 170. 00| | | | | 1. 9. TIMELINE This project is going to be undertaken in two months two weeks to finish the project (PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM).
Leadership plan
The Leadership Plan Project has caused me to carefully access my Leadership. I have observed my areas of weakness and strength in detail. In whatever we are doing whether it is leading a ministry or business the concept of servant leadership works best. It is not a strategy but a type of heart that Christ has formed in believers. Servant Leadership Constructs Agape Love: â€Å"This love leads to serve the best interest of others, Illuminating the corporate culture, and freeing the leader from self-doubt, self-criticism and self-imposed limitations (Patterson p. 2003). In terms of committing my time to those under my Influence I have done well, however I would say that sometimes I have an element of self -doubt, self-criticism, self-imposed limitation. I am learning that the more you focus on others the less time you have beating up yourself. Any time I attend to the needs of others; I am free in my mind and can believe God for anything. Humility: â€Å"Servant Leaders are not arrog ant, they see things from another's perspective and show appreciation and respect for leadership within the organization.The servant leader Is not Interested In their mage or in being exalted, they are more concerned about being accountable†(Patterson p. 6, 2003). In ministry it was a process learning how to be accountable. As a young adult minister we had meetings where team members would state corrections I needed to make. Through this process I discovered that leader should be the most humble on the team. Humility also gives you peace with yourself. Altruism: Altruism Is strong concern for the welfare of others. As an employee I have been on the receiving side where companies only concern is getting the work done.Very little concerned was shown to employees. However this experience taught me how to behave when I become a business owner. As a manager I must first care about the wellbeing of my employees before I approach the situation of getting the work done. Vision: Patte rson (2003) states that the servant leaders focus on the future state of the individual members of the organization. I am a strong visionary, I always Like to see where we plan on going before we take a step and move. I love seeing the big picture. There were times where I would share my Sino with my team members and it seemed that they were not entertaining of the vision.Followers usually want to know where they fit in the vision. Are they being uplifted in the vision? Those are self-reflecting questions I had to ask myself. Trust: This construct under the servant leadership concept is somewhat heartfelt to me. To know that Christ trusted me with his Son even when I felt I was Incapable of doing well has given me a deeper meaning of the word trust. I use to think that If I trust this person how I will be sure they wont fail. I have come to the complete revelation that o one is immune to failing. The human race is an imperfect race so why should I expect perfection.Empowerment: is e ntrusting power to others; actually it is giving it away' (Patterson, p. 8, 2003). I believe that this is the art of uplift others, making them see their significance. I once heard a statement saying: â€Å"followers are your assets†. I have taken It further to see followers as leaders under your care. Service: short staffed or someone needs help, the manager would put on her scrubs and get right to work. My pastor always makes a statement that there are no supervisors in he God's kingdom but only servants. That is the type of leader I aspire to be.I basically see it as what I expect from my leaders I should first expect from myself. Motivation Gifts Test and LIP Assessment Based on the responses you provided, we have computed the following scores for you (on a scale to 100 percent): The Perceiver: 40 % The server: The Teacher: The Encourager: 60 % The Giver: The Ruler: 75% Showing Mercy: 52% How the tests relate to me as a Leader The results about my motivational gifts confi rmed to me what I have been learning about myself. According to the results I possessed a gift strong in the area off ruler.I did not want to accept this because I saw this gift as road to arrogance. When I read the description I realized that a ruler is servant gift like all the others. The ruler is a visionary, organizer, administrator, and a gift that moves everyone towards the same goal. All of these describe the way I see situations. I was not pleased to see that I score fair on the serving gift. My plan is to develop myself in that area. The same feeling go for the mercy gift. The LIP explained a lot, on an average I score well. My interest is in my ability to develop cooperate relationships in the organization.As I make steps to start my own business I notice that the line between working and relationships is very thin. I scored an average 7 on this aspect. It is interesting because the servant leader constructs are pathways to healthy relationships in the work place. Strengt h I see my strength as being able to see the end point of projects and goals, my ability to commit to others and see the big picture. When I believe in a cause, I put all my energy and time into that purpose. I have openness to new things and thirst for adventure. Weakness I would not consider myself not to strong in the area of writing.It is sometimes difficult for me to adaptation to transitions that happened spontaneously. I also tend to over analyze situations people and circumstances. A man of God once told me that if you are moved by individuals' criticism you also be moved by their praise. Be dead to both! Balancing Work and Family 1 Timothy 5:8- â€Å"But if any one does not provide for his own and his household he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever†. In the area of work and family, the scripture teaches us that the wellbeing of your family is a picture of Christianity.Also 1 Timothy 3:5 states â€Å"If a man cannot manage his household how can he t ake care of the family of God†This means that family comes first. Even though I am minister, I am no less a son, a brother, a friend. According to scripture my work should not interfere to the point of losing my family. My Role in the Global Society I see my role in the society as a light shining in the darkness. My role is to use to provide a source of income to families. My role in the global community is to express Christ principals in the area of administration.My role is also to encourage others and help them see who God created them to be and be free from all self- imposed limitation. Personal Action Steps within the Scope of God's plan. Jeremiah 29:11 â€Å"For I know the thoughts and plans I have towards you, they are thoughts/plans of good and not of evil; to give hope and an expected destination†1 . All plans come from God and I believe God places his plan in our heart in the form of ideas. My first step is to identify with the ideas I have in my mind. 2. Wr ite the ideas/ plans on paper. It is important for record keeping.
Saturday, September 28, 2019
My Science Fair Project Essay
My science fair project is about the sound transmission through different veneers. A veneer is the outer part of the house. It can also be called a siding. The veneers I used were brick, cement fiber, and vinyl. I used these because they were three very common veneers. I thought if I used common veneers it would make the project mean more because people can see sound transmission through common sidings. The way I built the cement fiber and vinyl siding boxes was, I cut plywood sides. After I cut the sides I nailed them together to make a box. After I made the box I wrapped the houses in house wrap. House wrap is used as a moisture barrier. My purpose for the house wrap is not to stop water from coming in, but, I used it because most houses use it. After I wrapped the houses I nailed the siding on. I then used wood putty to fill the holes. The brick box was a different procedure. After I wrapped the brick box I had to build a platform then I had to lay the brick with mortar. I had to attach the brick to the plywood with the wall ties. I tested my buildings by putting a transistor radio into the plywood box. After I put it in the box I turned it on at a low level, I then put the lid on the box and I used my sound level meter. This meter measures the amount of decibels coming out of the house. A decibel is a unit of measurement for sound. I also did the same thing on a loud and a medium sound level. I did this with all of the boxes. The brick box produced an average of 10.33 decibels at a (80) 43 decibel volume, an average of 13 decibels at a (90) 53 decibel volume, and an average of 19.66 at a (100) 63 decibel volume with a total average of 14.33 decibels. The cement fiber box produced an average of 19 decibels at a (80) 43 decibel volume, an average of 22 decibels at a (90) 53 decibel volume and an average of 30 decibels at a (100) 63 decibel volume. The Vinyl box produced an average of 27 decibels at a (80) 43 decibel volume, an average of 26.66 decibels at a (90) 53 decibel volume and an average of 33 decibels in a (100) decibel volume. My results of my project proved my hypothesis of brick producing the least amount of sound transmission.
Friday, September 27, 2019
Collectivism in the Arab culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Collectivism in the Arab culture - Essay Example Comparison of Arab and Japanese culture with American culture The Arab culture is predominantly controlled by Islamic influences, Muslims comprising more than 90 per cent of the Arab population. Businesses close at the time of prayers, and there is no room for non-Islamic principles of business like investment on interest. Women have not been allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia for a long time. Workplace is extremely sensitive to gender. American culture is democratic without the domination of one religion. Business norms are established according to market’s interests instead of religious teachings. Women are as involved in the work as are men, and there is liberty of expression. Japanese society is homogenous like the Arabic societies whereas American society is heterogeneous. Arabic society is divided between the rich and the poor. The middle class is non-existent in the Arabic culture whereas most of the population in both Japanese and American societies belongs to middle cla ss. In addition, business norms in Japan are similar to those in America. Hence, of the Arab and Japanese culture, the latter is closer to the culture of America.
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Like water for chocolate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Like water for chocolate - Research Paper Example e releasing of a newer version by replacing various charts (Gilly 23).The author sets this story at a time of Mexican Revolution that took place between 1910 and 1920 in Northern Mexico. It concerns a family where the youngest called Tita is an excellent cook and originator of various food recipes. The Mexican Revolution concerned redistribution of land and government reform to the various women and men who played a pivotal role in the revolution. The process involved restructuring the society to include women in the public sphere fully. The main objective of this revolutionary was to create a new constitution. The congress that took place in1916 and the number of Mexican women who attended the congress was seven hundred (Esquivel 29). This group had the intention of reforming the 1884 Civil Code. This Civil Code denied women a right to act in an independent manner from the male who are the leaders of household in all aspects which include child guardianship and inheritance. The feminist congress had concentrations in education, voting, and issues concerning the holding of various public offices. In 1917, the government drafted the revolutionary constitution and women acquired various rights (McLynn 19). They acquired the right to vote and started becoming active in politics. Despite the fact that Mexico was independent of Spain, the governments had internal and external conflicts. The revolution tore the country in the twentieth century. Madero who was a liberal leader led a revolt in 1910 after he lost a rigged election. This culminated in Diaz resigning and Madero replacing him as president in 1911. The Mexican revolution concerned different beliefs, different political parties, and how the country should be governed. All these disagreed with each other and fought for power and struggled to emerge as the ruler of the country. One finds the same observation in Tita’s family. Tita is not comfortable with Mama Elena’s traditions and disagrees with them. She
ICT Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
ICT Strategic Plan - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that ICTs are widely being implemented and are used by fisheries sectors for various purposes such as resource assessment and in commercialization purposes. The ICTs strategic plan implemented in Australia have enabled the Australian fishermen to exploit various opportunities such as the use of Global Positioning System for location finding and navigation. ICT has also reduced risk to fishermen through information exchange and emergency warning. At present, the fishermen have access to web-based data/ information along with networking sources.This report outlines that during November 2007, The Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) was liable for the development of ICT strategic plan and roadmap. The plan would stress on 2005 Strategic IT Review and further it would provide vital initiatives to AFMA which would be implemented over the period of next three years i.e. from 2008 to 2011. AFMA was supposed to invest approximately AUD 7.3 millio n for the implementation of ICT strategic plan, during these three year period. The investment program would include sixteen distinct initiatives which would cover forty nine recommendations. The initiatives were to be undertaken on three vital functions related with the fisheries management, these consist of monitoring and research, compliance and licensing and quota management. AFMA was able to record 12% improvement in conformity with the vessel monitoring system across the Commonwealth fishing areas during the year 2008 when compared to 2007.
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Exclusionary rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Exclusionary rule - Essay Example It was applied in 1955 in California supreme court in a case between people V. Cahan, so by almost 1960, 22 sates in USA adopted the rule, this are califormia, Delaware, Frorida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, north, Caolina, Oldahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennesse, Washington, Texas, west Vigina, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Michigan. Also Exclusionary Rule does not bar the introduction of all evidence obtained in violation of the fourth, Fofth, or Sixth Amendment in case of Criminal case. See Hudson V. Michigan, 547. U.S. 586, 126 S. Ct. 2159 (june 1, 2006), justice scalia write for U.S. Supreme court. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusionary_rule)Suppression of evidence, however, has always been our last resort, not our first impulse. The exclusionary rule generates "substantial social costs," United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 907 (1984), which sometimes include setting the guilty free and the dangerous at large. We have therefore been "cautious against expanding" it, Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 166 (1986), and "have repeatedly emphasized that the rule's 'costly toll' upon truth-seeking and law enforcement objectives presents a high obstacle for those urging [its] application," Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation and Parole v. Scott, 524 U.S. 357, 364-365 (1998) (citation omitted).
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Unfair Competition from Countries without International Labour Laws Term Paper
Unfair Competition from Countries without International Labour Laws - Term Paper Example This research paper examines that there have been arguments for the imposition of free trade among all member countries taking part in international trade.  These have been increasingly believed to be of benefit, especially to the developing countries. To begin with, markets get liberalized from the interference of government. This is important because the government does not have a direct contribution to the prevailing prices in the economy due to actions such as subsidies or even tariffs. The involvement of government in the setting of prices may lead to market failure arising from forced priced that have been set without due regard to the natural forces of demand and supply, which work together to determine the prices of goods and services. This research paper examines that there have been arguments for the imposition of free trade among all member countries taking part in international trade.  These have been increasingly believed to be of benefit, especially to the deve loping countries. To begin with, markets get liberalized from the interference of government. This is important because the government does not have a direct contribution to the prevailing prices in the economy due to actions such as subsidies or even tariffs. The involvement of government in the setting of prices may lead to market failure arising from forced priced that have been set without due regard to the natural forces of demand and supply, which work together to determine the prices of goods and services.
Monday, September 23, 2019
Answer the question 7 and 10 on the case study Essay
Answer the question 7 and 10 on the case study - Essay Example At present, it can be said that they are following an autocratic style of working at Cedar Tech. Research & Understanding of Group Decision Making: Group decision making is thought to be better than individual decision making in the sense that it is generally thought that two heads are better than one. Group decisions are more comprehensive, there is more input involved in the decision making process and heterogeneity and diversity in the decision can be expected. The above approaches can be used to ensure that the groups perform effectively. The work groups can be made by employing various techniques. For example groups of 2-4 can be made within a department and collective target should be assigned to that group. The individual roles & responsibilities of the group members should be assigned according to the individual strengths and capabilities of the individuals. This would also match the current culture of Ceder Tech which is already defined to be task oriented. The group discussions are criticized as a decision making means because of their inefficiency. However, if the following twelve steps to make group meetings effective are followed, groups can be highly productive: Current Conditions: At present decision making seems to be on a day to day, ad hoc basis and there is no as such strategic planning process involved. The President & CEO is expediting an extremer level of control, even in daily, operational decision making. There is no delegation. The managers need to be given authority to make decisions. Goal(s) The management goals are to motivate their employees including the mangers to support them in future. Without empowerment, the management is not satisfied. In order words to achieve this goal, the managers need to be given authority. It is proposed that only in circumstances where decisions are of a confidential and strategic nature, decision making has to be taken at the top level Vice Presidents, CEO and Directors will make the decision. In cases where a single individual (at a higher level) has
Sunday, September 22, 2019
Responsible Dog Ownership Editorial Essay Example for Free
Responsible Dog Ownership Editorial Essay à mà µriÃ' à °ns hà °và µ à µmbrà °Ã' à µd thà µ jà ¾Ã'Æ's à ¾f Ã' à °ninà µ à ¾wnà µrshiÃ'€ fà ¾r Ã' à µnturià µs, frà ¾m Gà µÃ ¾rgà µ Wà °shingtà ¾n à °nd his à mà µriÃ' à °n Fà ¾Ã'…hà ¾unds tà ¾ Gà µÃ ¾rgà µ W. Bush à °nd his Ã…Ã' à ¾ttish à ¢Ã µrrià µrs. à ¢Ã ¾dà °Ã'Æ', thà µrà µ à °rà µ à °Ã'€Ã'€rà ¾Ã'…imà °tà µlÃ'Æ' 73 millià ¾n dà ¾gs in thà µ U.Ã…. à °nd thà µir rà ¾là µs in sà ¾Ã' ià µtÃ'Æ' hà °và µ shiftà µd frà ¾m huntà µr à °nd wà ¾rking Là °brà °dà ¾r Rà µtrià µvà µr tà ¾ fà °milÃ'Æ' Ã' à ¾mÃ'ۈ °nià ¾n. Whà µn wà µ hà µÃ °r à ¾f unfà ¾rtunà °tà µ inÃ' idà µnts invà ¾lving dà ¾gs, suÃ' h à °s à ° bità µ, its à ¾ftà µn à ° rà µsult à ¾f Ã' à °rà µlà µssnà µss à ¾n thà µ mutt à ¾wnà µr part tà ¾ tà °kà µ rà µsÃ'ۈ ¾nsibilitÃ'Æ' fà ¾r thà µ à °nimà °l thà µÃ'Æ' Ã' hà ¾sà µ tà ¾ à ¾wn. à ¢hà µrà µ à °rà µ twà ¾ à µnds à ¾f à µvà µrÃ'Æ' là µÃ °sh à °nd rà µsÃ'ۈ ¾nsiblà µ Ã' à °ninà µ à ¾wnà µrshiÃ'€ bà µgins with thà µ mà °n nà ¾t thà µ bà µst frià µnd.Ã•à °Ã' h Ã'Æ'à µÃ °r thà µ à mà µriÃ' à °n Kà µnnà µl à ¡lub hà ¾sts Rà µsÃ'ۈ ¾nsiblà µ Dà ¾g Þwnà µrshiÃ'€ Dà °Ã'Æ' à ¾n Ã…à µÃ'€tà µmbà µr 17 tà ¾ à µduÃ' à °tà µ thà µ dà ¾g-là ¾ving Ã'€ubliÃ' à °bà ¾ut thà µ imÃ'ۈ ¾rtà °nÃ' à µ à ¾f bà µing à ° rà µsÃ'ۈ ¾nsiblà µ Là °brà °dà ¾r Rà µtrià µvà µr à ¾wnà µr. Just sà ¾mà µ à ¾f thà µ tà ¾Ã'€iÃ' s thà µsà µ à µvà µnts à °ddrà µss à °rà µ sà °fà µtÃ'Æ' à °rà ¾und dà ¾gs, thà µ right brà µÃ µd fà ¾r Ã'Æ'à ¾ur lifà µstÃ'Æ'là µ, trà °ining à °nd Ã' à ¾mÃ'ۈ µtitivà µ à µvà µnts fà ¾r Ã'Æ'à ¾ur dà ¾g, tà °gging/miÃ' rà ¾Ã' hiÃ'€Ã'€ing ID à ¾Ã'€tià ¾ns, Là °brà °dà ¾r Rà µtrià µvà µr hà µÃ °lth à °nd muà ' h mà ¾rà µ.à ¢hà µ à Kà ¡, thà µ nà °tià ¾ns biggà µst rà µgistrÃ'Æ' à °nd là µÃ °ding nà ¾t-fà ¾r-Ã'€rà ¾fit à ¾rgà °nizà °tià ¾n dà µdiÃ' à °tà µd tà ¾ thà µ wà µlfà °rà µ à ¾f Ã'€urà µbrà µd dà ¾gs, rà µÃ' à ¾gnizà µs thà °t dog Ã' à ¾mÃ'ۈ °nià ¾nshiÃ'€ is nà ¾t à ¾nlÃ'Æ' à ° right but à °lsà ¾ à ° Ã'€rivilà µgà µ thà °t must bà µ rà µsÃ'ۈ µÃ' tà µd à °nd nurturà µd. In rà µturn fà ¾r this Ã'€rivilà µgà µ, Ã' à °ninà µ à ¾wnà µrs nà µÃ µd tà ¾ rà µsÃ'ۈ µÃ' t rà µÃ °sà ¾nà °blà µ, à µnfà ¾rÃ' à µÃ °blà µ, nà ¾n-disÃ' riminà °tà ¾rÃ'Æ' là µgislà °tià ¾n gà ¾và µrning thà µ à ¾wnà µrshiÃ'€ à ¾f dà ¾gs, suÃ' h à °s là ¾Ã' à °l là µÃ °sh là °ws, Ã' urbing Ã'ۈ ¾liÃ' ià µs à °nd liÃ' à µnsing rà µgulà °tià ¾ns. à ¢hà µ sà °Ã'Æ'ing à ¾nà µ bà °d grà µÃ µn à °Ã'€Ã'€là µ Ã' à °n sÃ'ۈ ¾il thà µ whà ¾là µ bunÃ' h rings à µsÃ'ۈ µÃ' ià °llÃ'Æ' truà µ in tà µrms à ¾f mutt à ¾wnà µrshiÃ'€. à ll dà ¾g à ¾wnà µrs à µÃ °silÃ'Æ' bà µ misjudgà µd bÃ'Æ' thà µ dà µÃ µds à ¾f à ¾nà µ thà ¾ughtlà µss individuà °l. Wà µ hà ¾Ã'ۈ µ Ã'Æ'à ¾ull tà °kà µ timà µ this mà ¾nth tà ¾ bà ¾nà µ up à ¾n rà µsÃ'ۈ ¾nsiblà µ dog à ¾wnà µrshiÃ'€ whà µthà µr Ã'Æ'à ¾u à °rà µ là ¾Ã ¾king tà ¾ à °dd à ° Ã'€uÃ'€Ã'€Ã'Æ' tà ¾ thà µ fà °milÃ'Æ' fà ¾r thà µ first timà µ à ¾r à °rà µ à ° lifà µlà ¾ng dog là ¾và µr. Là µÃ °rn whà °t it tà °kà µs tà ¾ bà µ à ° rà µsÃ'ۈ ¾nsiblà µ dog à ¾wnà µr. Yà ¾ur bà µst frià µnd is Ã' à ¾unting à ¾n Ã'Æ'à ¾u.
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Freuds Concept of the Unconscious Hitchcocks Psycho
Freuds Concept of the Unconscious Hitchcocks Psycho In this essay I have analysed the famous Hitchcock film psycho using Freuds concept of the unconscious. The bleak, monochrome film is made more effective by Bernard Herrmanns sparse, but driving, recognisable score, first played under the frantic credits. The criss-crossing patterns, like mirror-images, are correlated to the split, schizophrenic personality of a major protagonist. The initial usage of staccato chords immediately provides us with a hint of detachment of a character to be involved, this along with the titles created by Saul Bass, (who was known for his style reminiscent of 1920s Soviet poster art) immediately provide the audience with apprehension. The screech of the violins is representative of birds, which we later see depicted throughout the film. Many of Hitchcocks recurring images are important in Freudian dream interpretation. It is apparent right from the beginning what lies ahead is no ordinary story, and a strange feeling of anxiety swells with the visual and musical intro. Screenwriter Joseph Stefano adapted Robert Blochs novel Psycho into what would become one of Alfred Hitchcocks influential works and one of the classic films of all time. We are led to believe Psycho is a film about cloak-and-dagger affairs, misappropriation, murder, secrets, and mental struggle; although in the darkness, there lies an examination of the temptations of wealth, sexual identity, gender roles, sexual expression, it depicts the appalling events which can occur with the departure of normal advancement. Psycho reiterates to its viewers that people sometimes provide a visual falsity of who they are and stories we have read as children of a bad person visually representative of their character traits in life are not often the case, and when the personal development has not reached an expected level that immoral crimes may occur. Sigmund Freud wrote about the human psyche in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and fully elaborated upon it in The Ego and the Id (1923). Freuds theory of the subconscious consists of three parts, the Id, the Ego, and the Super Ego and the interaction between them all. The Id is considered to be chaotic, the center for animalistic impulses, and is governed by the pleasure principle, otherwise known as instant gratification. It is also the location of the libido, which is our life force or our sexual drive. The Ids driving instinct is for self-preservation. The Ego is quite different from the Id, it is the broker between the Id and the Super Ego. The Ego is also the personality we show others, founded upon the reality formula. The Super Ego represents our conscience or moral standards, ideas of right and wrong which are permanently instilled in our minds by our parents or other authority figures. Freud regarded the mind to be like an Iceberg (see Figure 1) where the uncon scious lies below the surface, and the conscious above. To conclude: the Id demands gratification, the Ego responds to reality (civilization), and the Superego which is our moral code and also is dictated by the demands of society. The storyline of this film involves a young woman who through the pleasure principle of the id steals $40,000 from her employer. Marion is motivated by her desire to settle down and have a family with her lover Sam and to have financial freedom. Her super ego and the moral side have been outbalanced by her personal desires to live the perfect life with her lover. She ends up on a personal odyssey towards terror when she encounters a disturbed young hotel proprietor who is dominated by his mother. Throughout the film is a parallel to psychoanalysis as it attempts to piece together limited parts to understand as a coherent whole. Even the films cinematographic techniques reinforce individual images as being composed of fragmentary pieces. Part of Psychos visual appeal comes from Hitchcocks use of montage. James Naremore quotes Hitchcock describing montage as puttinglittle bits and pieces of film together Marion drives to her lover and a curtain of rain leads her to check into the Bates Motel. Paths and steps and roads are prevelant in Pyscho , the path between the motel and house which symbolises a path between the normal and the insane, in Psycho stairs lead to madness. In his documentary The PervertHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Perverts_Guide_to_CinemaHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Perverts_Guide_to_Cinemas Guide to Cinema, Slavoj Ã…Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek remarks that Norman Bates mansion has three floors, paralleling the three levels that psychoanalysis attributes to the human mind: the first floor would be the superego (Figure 2a), where Bates mother lives on; the ground floor is then Bates ego (Figure 2b), where he functions as an apparently normal human being; and finally, the basement would be Bates id (Figure 2c). For Freud, most repressed memories relate to sexuality. One type, for example, derives from the primal scene, where the child witnesses his parents having sex, then represses the memory of the scene. In Psycho, Norman Bates is said to have murdered his mother and her lover after finding them in bed together. Freud identified the tendency of a person who has experienced a traumatic event to re-live the negative event over and over, in action, in memory, or in dreams. A key aspect of the theory is the urge to put oneself into situations where the traumatic experience is likely to recur. Some forms of sexual dysfunction are interpreted as examples of repetition compulsion for example, an individual spanked as a child may seek out masochistic sexual experiences The best known of Freuds theories about childhood sexuality is named from the mythological king Oedipus, who killed his father and married his mother. As Freud described the complex, a young boy is sexually attracted to his mother, and as a result desires to kill his father in order to possess the mother. This forbidden desire is then repressed, only to return later in neurotic form. In popular Freudianism, mothers are often seen as encouraging the Oedipal complex through possessive or flirtatious behavior toward sons. As Norman Bates tells Marion Crane, a boys best friend is his mother. (But also: A son is a poor substitute for a lover.). Freud believed the purpose of psychoanalysis is to recover these repressed memories so that the patient can deal with them in the conscious mind. In Freudianism, a successfully integrated personality is under control of the Ego. We see Norman engage in a discussion with Marion in the parlour where he reveals a desire to escape from mothers tyrannical grip, but cannot gain the will to do so. Norman fails to achieve the self-mastery which Freud claimed psychoanalysis may provide. At this stage Marion retires to her room and decides to return to her old life. In the parlour adjacent to Marions room we see Norman remove a painting to reveal a spy-hole. The audience is forced into Normans secret world as he watches her undress. Normal develops masculine and sexual feelings towards Marion. Bates alter ego of his mother is not happy about the prospect of an attractive young woman disrupting the love affair between mother and son. He even holds conversations with himself thinking hes speaking to his mother. While dressed as his mother, Bates with knife in hand murders Crane while she is taking a shower in one of the Bates motel rooms. During the shower scene the piercing violin strings play a large part in creating sheer terror during the horrific scene, screaming begins before Marions own shrieks. The murder during the shower scene destabilises the audience as the blade is pointed at her abdominal womb area, attacking the site of motherhood is perhaps a gesture to prevent her giving birth to men like himself see Figure 3a and 3b. From Freud we learn Normans id becomes the core of the psyche and determining force causing the mother half of Norman Bates to commit murder. Normans psyche represses this information causing the fear of reappearance. The compulsion to repeat is a manifestation of the power of the repressed (Freud, 1920), illustrating the strength of the influence of the repressed and the unconscious.ÂÂ After the murder of Marion and Norman disposing of her in the swamp next to the house, the spectators turn to Norman to replace Marion as its main focus in its subjective role. Later on, when Sam and Lila search for evidence regarding Marions disapparance, Sam Loomis distracts Norman as Lila quietly walks up to the house to talk to Normans mother. She finds in the lower floor Normans mothers dead body which has been removed from its grave and preserved. At this point we realise Norman is two people. Norman is metamorphosised and revealed as his Mother when as he attempts to kill again his disguise is stripped away and ripped off. The Norman self completely dies, while his macabre Mother self is brought to life, shown by his mothers hysterically-laughing face, animated and resurrected by the light. Normans restricted personal growth this can be linked with the Oedipus complex. During the development of the Oedipus Complex the child develops a strong sense and powerful urges for sexual possession of the opposite sex parent. This urge gives rise to serious problems. The boy identifies with his father, and in doing so, internalises the fathers moral standards consequently the boy takes on the morals from his father, forming the superego. In Normans case, the absense of his father has resulted in an unresolved oedipus complex which results in a weak superego. Perhaps its this reason why he struggles with identity disorder as he houses his mothers superego in attempt to compensate for the one which he never developed as a result of his fathers absence. At the end of the film the psychiatrist explains: When reality came too close, when danger or desire threatened that illusion, he dressed up, even to a cheap wig he bought. Hed walk about the house, sit in her chair, speak in her voice. He was never all Norman, but he was often only Mother. Freud believed that traumatic events, usually from childhood, are repressed by the conscious mind. However, these destructive memories remain in the subconscious, where they are the source of neuroses and psychoses. The purpose of psychoanalysis is to recover these repressed memories so that the patient can deal with them in the conscious mind. The audience, although they had received an explanation for Normans actions, is left terrified and confused by the last scene of Norman and the manifestation of his split personality. Faced with this spectacle, Hitchcock forces the audience to examine their conscious self in relation to the events that they had just played a role in. Psycho creates a fear not necessarily from the brutality of the murders but from the subconscious identification with the films characters. To conclude, Hitchcock enforces the idea that all the basic emotions and sentiments derived from the film can be felt by anyone as the unending battle between good and evil exists in all aspects of life. The effective use of character parallels and the creation of the audiences subjective role in the plot enables Hitchcock to entice terror and convey a lingering sense of anxiety within the audience through a progressively intensifying theme. Freuds concept of the unconscious is so explicitly mirrored throughout the film. We have a seemingly normal woman whose balance is offset by a desire and which drives her to commit a financial crime. At the other end of the spectre we have again a man who most would think was harmless enough but due to his childhood and developmental restrictions has for other reasons allowed his unconscious to take full control of his conscious. According to Freud the essence of repression lies simply in the turning something away, and keeping it at a distance f or the conscious; Freud believed traumatic memories usually of childhood events are repressed as a defence mechanism which keeps the ego free of conflict and tension, however something can induce the momentary retrieval of a repressed memory and in the case of Norman Bates this triggered a psychotic in his mother psyche episode.
Friday, September 20, 2019
Mental Health: Concepts of Race and Gender
Mental Health: Concepts of Race and Gender Mental distress/disorder as a function of the society we live in: implications for the practice of mental health social work in terms of gender and race Introduction Mental illness/disorder/distress is a rather ambiguous umbrella term for describing a wide range of diverse disorders of the mind. According to the Oxford Medical Dictionary, mental illness is â€Å"a disorder of one or more of the functions of the mind (such as emotion, perception, memory, or thought), which causes suffering to the patient or others†(Oxford Medical Dictionary, 2007). The global burden of mental illness was estimated at 12.3% at the beginning of the millennium and is expected to rise even further in the next decade (Murray and Lopez, 1997; Patel et al, 2006). Critical perspectives that refute the biological definitions of mental illness started to arise in the 1960s. Szasz (1961) and other critical theorists have continually challenged the classification of normal and abnormal behavioural categories, and focused instead on the role of social factors on the development of mental illness (Martin, 2003). Key among these factors are gender, race and ethnicity, sexual preference, age and class. Apart from several medical theories that explain the aetiology of mental illness with neurological chemical imbalances, the actual causes of such psychological disorders are largely unknown. However, as outlined above, there are myriad known factors that trigger or prompt such mental impairment. Work stress and work-related psychosocial conditions, for example, plays an important role in self-reported mental health (Kopp M et al, 2008). Furthermore, gender is generally accepted as a significant risk factor for the development of mental distress. The World Health Organization acknowledges that a large majority of common mental health diseases are more frequently reported in the female gender than in their male counterparts. As an example – common psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety are predominant in women. Conversely, there are other disorders of the mind that are more common in men. These include, but are not limited to, substance misuse (including alcohol dependence) and antisocial personality disorder (The World Health Organization). Nevertheless, there are no reported differences in the incidence of some severe mental disorders, like schizophrenia, in men and women. In addition to the gender-related differences documented in the incidence of these disorders, there have also been reported differences in terms of the epidemiology and severity – age of onset, symptom frequency, soci al adjustment, prognosis and trajectory of the illness. The World Health Organization proffers possible explanation for the observed differences between genders – men and women have differential withstanding power over socioeconomic determinants of their mental health, social position, status and treatment in society and their susceptibility and exposure to specific mental health risks (The World Health Organization). Similarly, race could also be a determining factor for the development of mental illness. In addition, mental illness in some races, e.g. black and minority ethnic (BME) groups can be further exacerbated by alleged discrepancies in the mental health services available to this potentially vulnerable groups of patients (Ferns P, 2008). A possibly rational explanation for the reason behind any disparities in mental health across diverse races could be the societal differences that are inherent to various cultural backgrounds. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the social factors that can prompt mental distress, especially in women and people from BME populations, and to rationalise how these factors may actually pathologise the discourse of mental health. Mental Illness in Women The natural subordinate role of women and gender stereotypes in most societies makes them prone to disorders of the mind. Psychoanalytic theories believe that patriarchy-based communities are associated with a higher rate of mental illness in women (Olfman S, 1994). These supremacy-governed organisations in which men are largely in control leave women with a consistent feeling of repression, which could culminate in mental distress. Indeed, in some extreme societies, women with more independent views who express anger or dissatisfaction with the standard patriarchal social structure are often seen as having psychological problems (Martin, 2003). According to The World Health Organization, gender-specific roles, negative life occurrences and stressors can adversely affect mental health. Clearly the impact of the latter factors (i.e. life experiences and stressors) is in no way exclusive to the female gender. However, it is the nature of some events that are sometimes commonplace in women’s lives that could account for the documented gender-related differences. Risk factors for mental illness that mainly affect women include women-targeted violence, financial difficulties, inequality at work and in the society, burdensome responsibility, pregnancy-related issues, oppression, discrimination, and abuse. There is a linear correlation between the frequency and severity of such social factors and the frequency and severity of female mental health problems. Adverse life events that initiate a sense of loss, inferiority, or entrapment can also predict depression (The World Health Organization). Furthermore, in a domino-effect way some female factors can also lead to mental illness, not just in the individual concerned, but also in subsequent generations and/ or interacting family and friends. For example – maternal depression has been shown to be associated with failure of children to strive in the community, which in turn could culminate in delays in the developmental process and subsequent psychological or psychiatric problems (Patel et al, 2004). In the past three decades, the debate of women and mental health illness and their treatment in mental health services has been quite controversial (Martin J, 2003). From a social constructionist point of view, it is believed that some women are wrongly labelled as ‘mentally ill’ merely because they do not accept certain (usually unfair and unfounded) gender-related stereotypical placement in the society. In this often-cited and somewhat controversial book chapter by Jennifer Martin (Mental health: rethinking practices with women) she expresses great concern for the biological explanations of mental health which have the tendency to lay undue emphasis on the female reproductive biology that supposedly leads to a predisposition to mental illness. Such sexist notions tend to disproportionately highlight female conditions such as pre-menstrual tension, post-natal depression and menopause, in a bid to foster the notion that women are at higher risk of developing mental distr ess (Martin J, 2003). Instead of this allegedly short-sighted approach to the medicalisation of mental health in women, feminist theorists focus on female mental illness as a function of the lives they are made to live within patriarchal, and often oppressive, societies. Women are disadvantaged – both socially and psychologically – by these unreasonably subservient role expectations (Martin J, 2003). Mental Illness and Race The United Kingdom (UK) is a home to a very diverse and multicultural population, and BME communities make up approximately 7.8% of the total UK population (Fernando S, 2005). There are innate differences in the presentation, management and outcome of mental illness between the different races and ethnic groups (Cochrane R and Sashidharan S, 1996; Coid J et al, 2002; Bhui K et al, 2003). In a recent policy report for the UK Government Office of Science, Jenkins R et al, (2008) explained that while some mental disorders appear to be more common in the BME populations, others are not. In addition, incidence rates of different mental disorders also vary among different ethnic groups within the BME populations. For example, depression is increasingly common in the Irish and Black Caribbeans, but not necessarily in the Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi sub-populations (Jenkins R et al, 2008). In the UK, the risk of suicide also varies by gender as well as ethnicity, with Asian men and Black Carribeans having lower rates than the general UK population, and Asian women having higher rates. Similarly, the incidence of psychoses is not uniformly elevated in all BME groups – the highest incidence is seen in Black Caribbean and Black African groups in the UK, (4 – 10 times the normal rates seen in the White British group) (Jenkins R et al, 2008). In a retrospective case-control study of a representative sample of more than 22,000 deceased individuals, Kung et al (2005) highlighted important disparities in mental health disorders, such as substance misuse, depressive symptoms and mental health service utilisation as possible determinants of suicidal behaviours and/ or attempts. Also, clear associations have been demonstrated between racism and the higher rates of mental illness among BME groups (McKenzie K, 2004). The rising incidence of suicides in some developing countries, as seen with Indian farmers, South American indigenes, alcohol-related deaths in Eastern Europe, and young women in rural China, can be partly attributed to economic and social change in these nations (Sundar M, 1999; Phillips M et al, 1999). Pre-, peri- and post-migratory experiences can be major stressor determinants for the development of mental health illness (Jenkins R et al, 2008). Therefore, in order to understand the differences in these populations, it is of utmost importance to gain some insight into their cultural backgrounds and the happenings in their countries of origin all of which could be determinants of mental health. There is a direct relationship between social change and mental health and, in the recent past, many developing countries have undergone incomparable, fast-paced social and economic changes. As Patel et al (2006) have pointed out, such economic upheavals commonly go hand-in-hand with ruralà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ urban migration and disruptive social and economic networks. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that The World Health Organization has acknowledged that such changes can cause sudden disruptive changes to social factors, such as income and employment, which can directly affect individuals and ultimately lead to an increased rate of mental disorders. Also Alean Al-Krenawi of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev has extensively explored how exposure to political violence has influenced the mental health of Palestinian and Israeli teenagers (Al-Krenawi A, 2005). Al-Krenawi goes on to emphasise that the concept of mental health in the Arab world is a multi-faceted one and is often shaped not only by the socio-cultural-political aspects of the society, but also by the spiritual and religious beliefs. In addition, the perception of racial discrimination has been identified as a significant contributory factor to poor mental and overall health in BME groups – even more important that the contribution of socio-economic factors (Jenkins R et al, 2008). It is disheartening to note that institutionalised and/ or constitutional racism is rife in the conceptual systems that are employed in the provision of mental health services (Wade J, 1993; Timimi S, 2005). Implications for the Practice of Mental Health Social Work In general, people suffering from mental illnesses receive substandard treatment from medical practitioners both in the emergency room and in general treatment, and insurance coverage policies are usually unequal compared with their mentally balanced counterparts (McNulty J, 2004). For BME populations, especially Black and Asians, access and utilisation of mental health services are very different from those recorded for White people (Lloyd P and Moodley P, 1992; Bhui K, 1997). Exploring the pathway to care in mental health services, Bhui K and Bhugra D (2002) highlight that the most common point of access to mental health services for some BME groups is through the criminal justice system, instead of their general practitioner, as would be the case in their White counterparts. Major areas in which institutional racism is rife in the provision of mental health services to BME patients include mental health policy, diagnosis and treatment (Wade J, 1993). For example, Black patients with mental illness are more likely to be treated among forensic, psychiatric and detained populations (Coid J et al, 2002; Bhui K et al, 2003) and are also disproportionately treated with antipsychotic medication than psychotherapy (McKenzie K et al, 2001). Having said this, it is important to differentiate between racial bias and the consideration of racial and ethnic differences. In fact, ignoring these essential differences could actually be seen as a different type of bias (Snowden L, 2003). Already, members of the BME population face prejudice and discrimination; this is doubled when there is the additional burden of mental illness, and is one of the major reasons why some of these patients choose not to seek adequate treatment (Gary F, 2005). As such, stigma arising from racism can be a significant barrier to treatment and well-being, and interventions to prevent this should be prioritised. It is therefore also of utmost importance that institutional racism be eliminated. As far back as 1977, Rack described some of the practical problems that arise in providing mental health care in a multicultural society. These include, but are not limited to: language, diagnostic differences, treatment expectations and acceptability. Some effort has been made to address some of these problems in England, by the development of projects for minority ethnic communities both within the statutory mental health services and in non-governmental sector (Fernando S, 2005). In addition, overcoming language barriers should help in eliminating racial and ethnic disparities towards achieving equal access and quality mental health care for all (Snowden L et al, 2007). The World Health Organization also draws attention to similar bias against the female gender in the treatment of mental disorders. Doctors are generally more likely to diagnose depression in women than in men, even with patients that present with similar symptoms and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) scores. Probably as a result of this bias, doctors are also more likely to prescribe mood-altering psychotropic drugs to women. Considering that immigrants and women separately face challenges with the provision of mental health care, it is expected that immigrant women would have even more setbacks, owing to their double risk status. Using Kleinman’s explanatory model, O’Mahony J and Donnelly T (2007) found that this unfortunate patient group face many obstacles due to cultural differences, social stigma spiritual and religious beliefs and practices, and unfamiliarity with Western medicine. However, the study did also highlight some positive influences of immigrant women’s cultural backgrounds, which could be harnessed in the management of these patients. To effectively target and treat the diverse population that commonly present with mental illness in the UK, it is necessary to promote interculturalisation, i.e. â€Å"the adaptation of mental health services to suit patients from different cultures†(De Jong J and Van Ommeren M, 2005). Hollar M (2001) has developed an outline for the use of cultural formulations in psychiatric diagnosis, and advocates for the inclusion of the legacy of slavery and the history of racism to help understand the current healthcare crisis, especially in the Black population. Conclusion As we have discussed extensively in this paper, females and patients of BME origin are commonly disadvantaged in the treatment of mental illnesses. Mental healthcare professionals need to eliminate all bias in the treatment of these patients, while at the same time, taking into consideration their inherent differences to ensure that mental health services provided are personalised to suit the individual patient. References Al-Krenawi A. Editorial: mental health issues in Arab society. Israeli Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 2005; 42 (2): 71. Bhui K. Service provision for London’s ethnic minorities. In London’s Mental Health, London: King’s Fund (1997). Bhui K and Bhugra D. Mental illness in Black and Asian ethnic minorities: pathways to care and outcomes. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2002; 8: 26 – 33. Bhui K, Stansfeld S, Hull S, Priebe S, Mole F, Feder G. Ethnic variations in pathways to specialist mental health care: a systematic review. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 182: 5 – 16. Cochrane R and Sashidharan S. Ethnicity and health: reviews of the literature and guidance for purchasers in the areas of cardiovascular disease, mental health, and haemoglobinopathies. York: University of York, 1996: 105 – 126 (part 3). Coid J, Petruckevitch A, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Brugha D, Jenkins R, et al. Ethnic differences in prisoners. 1: criminality and psychiatric morbidity. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 181: 473 – 480. De Jong J and Van Ommeren M. Mental health services in a multicultural society: interculturalisation and its quality surveillance. Transcultural Psychiatry 2005; 42 (3): 437 – 456. Fernando S. Multicultural mental health services: projects for minority ethnic communities in England. Transcultural Psychiatry 2005; 42 (3): 420 – 436. Ferns P. The bigger picture. If racism exists in society, then surely it must influence mental health services. Mental Health Today 2008 March; 20. Gary F. Stigma: barrier to mental health care among ethnic minorities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2005; 26 (10): 979 – 999. Hollar M. The impact o0f racism on the delivery of healthcare and mental services. Psychiatric Quarterly 2001 Winter; 72 (4): 337 – 345. Jenkins R, Meltzer H, Jones P, Brugha T, Bebbington P, Farrell M, Crepaz-Keay D and Knapp M. Foresight Mental Capital and Wellbeing Project. Mental health: Future challenges. The Government Office for Science, London (2008). Kopp M, Stauder A, Purebl G, Janszky I, Skrbski A. Work stress and mental health in a changing society. European Journal of Public Health 2008; 18(3): 238 – 244. Kung H, Pearson J, Wei R. Substance use, firearm availability, depressive symptoms, and mental health service utilization among white and Africa-American suicide decedents aged 15 to 64 years. Annals of Epidemiology 2005; 15 (8); 614 – 621. Lloyd P and Moodley P. Psychotropic medication and ethnicity: an inpatient survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1997; 27: 95 – 101. Martin E ed. (2007). Oxford Concise Colour Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press; 4th edition, page 445. Martin J (2003). Mental health: rethinking practices with women in Critical social work: an introduction to theories and practices. By Bob Pease, June Allan, Linda Briskman. Published by Allen Unwin, 2003 ISBN 1865089079, 9781865089072. McKenzie K, Samele C, Van Horn E, Tattan T, Van Os J, Murray R. Comparison of the outcome and treatment of psychosis in people of Carribean origin living in the UK and British Whites. Report from the UK700 trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 178: 160 – 165. McKenzie K. Tackling the root cause: there are clear links between racism and the higher rates of mental illness among ethnic minority groups. Mental Health Today 2004; 30 – 32. McNulty J. Commentary: mental illness, society, stigma and research. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2004; 30 (3): 573 – 575. Murray C, Lopez A. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990 – 2020: global burden of disease study. The Lancet 1997; 349: 1498 – 1504. O’Mahony J and Donnelly T. The influence of culture on immigrant women’s mental health care experiences from the perspectives of health care providers. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2007; 28 (5): 453 – 471. Olfman S. Gender, patriarchy, and womens mental health: psychoanalytic perspectives. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 1994; 22: 259 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 271. Patel V, Rahman A, Jacob K, Hughes M. Effect of maternal mental health in infant growth in low income countries: new evidence from South Asia. The British Medical Journal 2004; 328: 820 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 823. Patel V, Saraceno B, Kleinman A. Beyond evidence: the moral case for international mental health. The American Journal of Psychiatry 163: 8; 1312 – 1315. Phillips M, Liu H, Zhang Y. Suicide and social change in China. Cultural Medical Psychiatry 1999; 23: 25 – 50. Rack P. Some practical problems in providing a psychiatric service for immigrants. Mental Health Soc 1977; 4 (3à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 4): 144 – 151. Snowden L. Bias in mental health assessment and intervention: theory and evidence. American Journal of Public Health 2003; 93 (2): 239 – 243. Snowden L, Masland M, Guerrero R. Federal civil rights policy and mental health treatment access for persons with limited English proficiency. American Psychology 2007; 62 (2): 109 – 117. Szasz (1961) in Martin J (2003). Mental health: rethinking practices with women in Critical social work: an introduction to theories and practices. By Bob Pease, June Allan, Linda Briskman. Published by Allen Unwin, 2003 ISBN 1865089079, 9781865089072. Sundar M. Suicide in farmers in India. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 175: 585 – 586. The World Health Organization. Gender and womens mental health: Gender disparities and mental health: The Facts. [WWW] Available online at http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/ (Accessed Friday November 15th 2008). Timimi S. Institutionalised racism lies at the heart of the conceptual systems we use in psychiatry. Mental Health Today 2005; 21. Wade J. Institutional racism: an analysis of the mental health system. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1993; 63 (4): 536 – 544. Cervical Cancer: Types, Causes and Cures Cervical Cancer: Types, Causes and Cures By: Omar Abdulle What is Cervical Cancer? Cervical cancer is a disease that affects the cervix of the female reproductive system. The cervix is located in the lower part of the uterus; it connects the vagina to the uterus. Cervical cancer can be classified to two types, Squamous cell carcinomasand Adenocarcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas account for 80-90 % of all cervical cancer cases. Meanwhile, Adenocarcinomas in found in the glandular cells of the cervix makes up for 10-20% of cervical cancer cases.1 Most cervical cancer starts in the cells in the transformation zone. The cells do not immediately change into cancer. The normal cells of the cervix slowly develop benign tumours that turn into cancer. Only some of the women with pre-cancerous tumours in the cervix will develop cancer. It normally takes several years for benign tumours to turn into malignant tumours. Statistics indicate that 1,500 Canadian women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2016. An estimated 400 will die from it.2 Causes Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by a high-risk type of HPV. HPV is a virus that is passed from person to person through genital contact, such as vaginal, anal, or oral sex. If the HPV infection does not go away on its own, it may cause cervical cancer over time.3 The viruses in the sexual transmitted (HPV) trigger abnormal behavior in the cervical cells causing pre-cancerous conditions. Risk factors Many sexual partners. Early sexual activity. Weak immune system. Smoking. Detection and Diagnosing Detecting Cervical cancer that is detected early can be treated successfully. Doctors recommend regular screening to detect any abnormal cells in the cervix. During screening Doctors will conduct Pap tests to find out the DNA of the cervical cells. The purpose of Pap test is to spot the cancer cells in the cervix. If not diagnosed with cervical cancer, doctors highly suggest continuing screening as risks of getting cervical cancer are high. Diagnosing If cancerous cells are found in the cervix, Doctors will perform the following tests to examine the cervix. The tests are; Punch Biopsy Involves a sharp tool to pinch off cervical tissue for further examination. Endocervical curettage small spoon-shaped instrument to brush a tissue sample from the cervix. The final stage of detecting and diagnosing cervical cancer is called staging. At this point, Doctors have determined you have cervical cancer. Staging can be divided in to for sub-sections. They are: Stage I Cancer is restricted. Stage II Cancer is existent in the cervix and upper vagina. Stage III Cancer is moving. Stage IV Cancer has spread to other nearby organs and parts of the body. Precautionary steps Taking precautionary steps is the right path to reduce the risk of contracting cervical cancer. Experts suggest; Avoid exposure to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Get a HPV vaccine. Avoid smoking. Forms of Treatment Just like other forms of cancer, cervical cancer can be treated through the main forms of treatment. I.e. Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, and Targeted therapy. Surgery Determines how far the cancer has spread. Treats cancer successfully during the early stages. Radiation Treats cancer that has spread excessively. Chemotherapy Treats cervical cancer that returns after treatment. Targeted therapy Drug used with chemo to stop cancer growth. This method is still in process Current research and Potential Cures Doctors and scientists are working hard to find out the best ways to prevent and best treat cervical cancer. These methods will improve the functionality of the treatments method, detection and diagnosing. Improvements are being to screening and detection methods. Another innovative and also potential cure is called Immunotherapy, also known as biologic therapy. This is designed to boost the bodys natural defenses to fight the cancer. It uses materials either made by the body or in a laboratory to improve, target, or restore immune system function.5 References Types of Cervical Cancer | CTCA. (0001, January 01). Retrieved March 02, 2017, from http://www.cancercenter.com/cervical-cancer/types/ Cervical cancer statistics Canadian Cancer Society. (n.d.). Retrieved March 02, 2017, from http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/cervical/statistics/?region=on EPublications. (n.d.). Retrieved March 02, 2017, from https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/cervical-cancer.html Cervical Cancer: Latest Research. Cancer.Net. N.p., 10 June 2016. Web. 02 Mar. 2017.
Thursday, September 19, 2019
The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some :: English Literature
The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some type of way. Family Bonding The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some type of way. Sharing the love with someone gives you peace and allows you to bond together. The two poems "Earth and Rain, the Plants and Sun" and "Four poems for a Child Son" both elaborate on the love, peace and family bonding shared in these poems. "Earth and Rain, the Plants and Sun" was a well written poem with many meanings to it. On his way to Colorado, the narorator enlightens the day for not just his family, but also himself. As he grasps such a wonderful image of joy, he lets his son know, that this shall never end. He hears the sound of a meadowlark, rising high above, through the fresh cut smell of alfalfa. Describing the freshness and purity in the air on such a peaceful day. As the hawk sweeps high above, the sound of thunder brings darkness through this day. The sun is gone, but a sunlight beam breaks through a cloud, shining directly on the green plant. The thunder has stirred up a storm, sending rain to fall to the ground, fertilizing the green plants and alfalfa. The plants and alfalfa feed the meadowlark, mice, molls and other rodents. These essence of life provide the food for the hawk which represents the leader of the pack. Today the Katzina come. The dancing prayers. Many times, the katzina. It shall not end, on, it will not end, his love. The dancing prayers from the katzina truly show that there is a great amount of joy on this day. The mother, father and son hold hands as they enjoy every minute together on such a peaceful day filled with joy and excitement, that shall never end. "Four Poems for a Child Son" is divided into four parts. Part one "What's your Indian Name?" tells the significance of the name you are given when born. Together, deserts, sun, gods and songs complete the full meaning of who you are. Your name tells the stories of the past, who the heroes are and contributes to the strength and bravery that you grow to adapt to. Constructing the Indian headdress, painting it with the earth's most natural resources, talking to it and treating it the way you would treat another person. All of these things allow you to get to know it a lot better, and apply it to you own life all together. The headdress represents who you are and what your Indian name is. The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some :: English Literature The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some type of way. Family Bonding The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some type of way. Sharing the love with someone gives you peace and allows you to bond together. The two poems "Earth and Rain, the Plants and Sun" and "Four poems for a Child Son" both elaborate on the love, peace and family bonding shared in these poems. "Earth and Rain, the Plants and Sun" was a well written poem with many meanings to it. On his way to Colorado, the narorator enlightens the day for not just his family, but also himself. As he grasps such a wonderful image of joy, he lets his son know, that this shall never end. He hears the sound of a meadowlark, rising high above, through the fresh cut smell of alfalfa. Describing the freshness and purity in the air on such a peaceful day. As the hawk sweeps high above, the sound of thunder brings darkness through this day. The sun is gone, but a sunlight beam breaks through a cloud, shining directly on the green plant. The thunder has stirred up a storm, sending rain to fall to the ground, fertilizing the green plants and alfalfa. The plants and alfalfa feed the meadowlark, mice, molls and other rodents. These essence of life provide the food for the hawk which represents the leader of the pack. Today the Katzina come. The dancing prayers. Many times, the katzina. It shall not end, on, it will not end, his love. The dancing prayers from the katzina truly show that there is a great amount of joy on this day. The mother, father and son hold hands as they enjoy every minute together on such a peaceful day filled with joy and excitement, that shall never end. "Four Poems for a Child Son" is divided into four parts. Part one "What's your Indian Name?" tells the significance of the name you are given when born. Together, deserts, sun, gods and songs complete the full meaning of who you are. Your name tells the stories of the past, who the heroes are and contributes to the strength and bravery that you grow to adapt to. Constructing the Indian headdress, painting it with the earth's most natural resources, talking to it and treating it the way you would treat another person. All of these things allow you to get to know it a lot better, and apply it to you own life all together. The headdress represents who you are and what your Indian name is.
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Body Modification in America Essays -- essays research papers
Body modification in American Culture In recent years tattooing and body piercing have become increasingly prevalent in popular culture. These forms of body modification are no longer tools used by criminals and gang member, showing their role in society. These practices are used by many of teenagers and young adults in our society today. In fact many of these practices have been a positive trend in American culture, giving adolescents a way of expressing themselves Studies have revealed a positive correlation between risky behaviors (such as the use of drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol) and participation in body modification. There is a shortage of available research, however, investigating the relationship between body modification and behaviors of high-risk such as driving while intoxicated and unsafe sexual practices. The current study attempted to bridge this gap in the literature by examining body modification participation and involvement in very high-risk behaviors common to a college student population. Two hypotheses were examined. First, it was hypothesized that a positive relationship between participation in body modification and very high-risk activities would be found. Secondly, it was hypothesized that self-esteem would mediate the relationship between body modification and very high-risk behaviors. The Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events--Revised (Fromme, D'Amico, & Katz, 1999; Katz, Fromme, & D'Amico, 2000) and The Coopersmith Inv entory (Coopersmith, 1...
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Vegetable Juice Advertisement
Films and commercials are the mirrors of the society. Many times, they portray our behavior, our culture, our beliefs our rules. Consider this ad for vegetable juices. â€Å"We are giving 30 million servings of vegetables to those who need it most. Want to help? †Asking you to help them feed the hungry the ad tries to sell its product in an innovative way. Clearly aimed at people who love to lead organic lives (read free of impurities) in every way it immediately draws their attention. Once drawn into reading it, it positions itself as a most common source of vegetables – â€Å"you usually drink V8 juice to get vegetables†. A picture of mud laden green leafy vegetable invokes the feeling of freshness and ‘straight from nature’ thought into the reader’s mind. Anything that is offered by the nature is considered pure and this helps dispel any notion of impurity from the minds of an alert and informed reader. It’s not difficult to miss the principal assumption that people who care about their health (and thus eating more vegetables) are the ones who also care about the environment and usually associates themselves with noble causes like helping to feed malnourished people. With this the advertisement effectively delivers its message that V8 juices are healthy alternative providing nutrients. To live healthy, green and helping poor are the changing signs of the times and the ad links itself with the trend and hopefully gets away with the message. The ad is definitely politically progressive as it gives people the opportunity to connect to a worthy cause while selling its product at the same time. It implores people to help the less privileged though their indirect actions.
Monday, September 16, 2019
Food Essay
Today people seem to be obsessed with their diets. Food is a high priority item on the lifestyle agenda with a marked focus on healthy eating. â€Å"You are what you eat,†says Ayurveda, the ancient Indian science of life. Food is a basic human need. We always need to know what we eat because food affects practically all aspects of our life. Nowadays, in the manufacturing age, our society still faces the food problem. This is a problem of quality, not volume. Our producing system is capable of producing more food than we need, but how can we be sure about its quality? Is it healthy and useful or just fuel for our bodies? In this paper we will try to discover what we exactly eat and why. Really, food can easily become a tool to control society, which seems to be happening now. In our open society we have much more â€Å"taboo†questions than ever before. This is especially true when we start talking about food problems. This is a forbidden ground for most of us. Why does it happen? How can it be possible that people usually do not know how their food has been made? There are some enthusiasts who try to find answers. The â€Å"FOOD, INC. movie, directed by Robert Kenner, is one of the most famous sources devoted to this problem. This movie tells us how our food industry takes people under control. The papers, provided by professional scientists can show an impartial assessment of the problem discussed. Only studying different sources can help to find the truth. Our online writing services can deliver similar custom essays on any related subj ect. Professional paper writers working for us are experts in this field, willing to provide qualified help with written assignments and custom essays for our clients. http://studentessayhelp. com/2010/09/23/food
Sunday, September 15, 2019
Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay
Since ancient times, promoters of justice have brought into play rhetorical strategies to persuade their opponents. On April 16, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter regarding the criticism several clergymen made, stating that the movements of nonviolent resistance to racism from Dr. King were â€Å"unwise and untimely†. In this letter King uses several rhetorical strategies but mainly he makes use of 3. In the first one, King uses an outside authority (Religion), given the fact that he is trying to persuade Christians. Second, Dr. King appeals to emotion (Ethos), he tries to appeal to their human and goodness side. Third, King employs analogies to emphasize his argument against racism. With these three rhetorical strategies he tries to persuade the clergymen to take action on the injustice that is upon Birmingham against the Negroes. As stated previously, outside authority was used by Dr. King to appeal the clergymen of the racism taking action. Religion has the power to move such an enormous amount of people and this has been proven since the dawn of time. He know that this man obey the laws of God, knowing this he mentions he came to Birmingham for a good reason by saying Just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. (King, 819) With this quote he is making a religious analogy to make the clergymen understand that he is there for a good cause, a cause that is as good as Apostle Paul’s. Later on the letter, King compared his actions with Jesus Christ’s when he was called an extremist. But though I was initially disappointed at being categorized as an extremist, as I continued to think about the matter I gradually gained a measure of satisfaction from the label. Was not Jesus an extremist for love? (826) This is also a religious analogy, and here he wants to deliver the message of peace by comparing his actions with the ones Jesus did. He wants to make the clergymen understand that the one they follow would have done the same. Subsequently, Dr. King employs the rhetorical strategy called Ethos, which means emotion. He uses this tactics to make the clergymen see that the ones they’re segregating are not less than any other human being; he tries to appeal to their good side. King says â€Å"Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation say waitâ€Å"(821) And he then proceeds to quote his son who says â€Å"Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean? To make a point; make him see what an innocent mind thinks and how it affects him. He then proceeds to say When you take a cross country drive and find it necessary to sleep night after night in the uncomfortable corners of your automobile because no motel will accept you; when you are humiliated day in day out by nagging signs reading â€Å"white†and â€Å"colored†; when your first name becomes â€Å"nigger†and your middle name becomes â€Å"boy†and your last name becomes â€Å"John†, and your wife and mother are never given the respected title â€Å"Mrs. Then you’ll understand why we find difficult to longer willing to wait. (King, 821-822) These are one of the most powerful words this letter has to offer, he emphasizes what a negroe has to suffer day by day. King mentions this to make the clergymen see what it feels like to be segregated, to make them see how unjust it is. Throughout the entire essay Dr. King uses analogies to make his argument sound stronger and emphasize it. Not only does he uses religious analogies he uses historical analogies and geographical. He compares the USA with Africa and Asia â€Å"The nations of Asia and Africa are moving with jetlike speed toward gaining †¦ independence, but we still creep at horse-and-buggy pace toward gaining a cup of coffee at a lunch counter. †(King, 821) he makes this analogy so they understand that other continents are already far beyond them, that this should have been dealt long ago. Later on he defends himself of the accusations of breaking the law for a good cause. He says â€Å"We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was legal and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was illegal. With this analogy he tries to let them know laws are not always correct and thus they have to be changes, and therefore the prohibition of segregation. In conclusion, King uses several rhetorical strategies to convince the clergymen that his actions are not â€Å"unwise and untimely†but the opposite. He gives them reasons to listen to him and convince them. The most important rhetorical strategies where religious appeal, emotion appeal and analogies. With this mix of rhetorical strategies he makes this letter one of the most important piece for the civil right movement.
Saturday, September 14, 2019
What are the main features of child directed speech and how does it help language acquisition?
The language traits that characterise child-directed speech tend to facilitate the acquisition of language. Children start their lives without language and are faced with the challenge of emerging into a world in which they cannot effectively communicate. From the time a child is born, however, they will begin to associate what happens around them with meaning. As time passes, they will begin to associate unknown verbal forms to known meanings. Parents show a unique type of speaking that is referred to as child-directed speech, motherese, or, more commonly, baby talk for example â€Å"moo-cow†.This speech has many unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult-directed speech. One feature of child language acquisition is that children master language by making mistakes until they fully acquire the skills. This ‘trial and error’ approach shows that learning is taking place, however, phonological development seems also to depend on physical ability to produce sounds. Some phonological errors used by children are deletion in words such as â€Å"do(g)†and â€Å"cu(p)†. Although some add on extra vowels, for example â€Å"doggie†.A lot of young children change one consonant or vowel for another, known as an assimilation such as â€Å"gog†instead of â€Å"dog†. These errors show that as a child learns a word is substitutes the sound of a letter for a different one. In phonology there are a variety of features used by parents for language acquisition such as higher pitch in the parents voice, a greater range of frequencies in the tone, a slower speed of speech, clearer enunciation, emphasis on one or two words in a sentence, and special pronunciations of individual words.This is more common from the mothers as it comes naturally to them and is done in order to allow infants time to process the information being conveyed to them. Rhythm is also emphasized when talking to a child and is used closely with th e emphasis of various syllables. One children can produce sounds effectively they can use these skills to form real words that others can recognize. Proto-words have meaning for the child and the parents so a child needs to acquire the vocabulary that will help them be understood by a wider audience. Also achild needs to learn the meanings of words in order to link objects and ideas. The rate of lexical development in children at 12 months is that they know 50 words which increase to 2,000 at 36 months which shows that language is aquired in the early stages. Parents also tend to use some lexical features in speech such as â€Å"mama†and â€Å"dada†to encourage the child to start speaking, as these words are usually the first two the child says in their early months. As the child starts to progress, the parent uses diminutives like â€Å"doggy†, â€Å"kitty†, â€Å"potty†for the child to understand easily.Children can link a word and the referen t easily as they can usually see it, or see a visual representation in a book. The social and interactive nature of many words also indicate the importance of interacting with others, suggesting that pragmatic awareness is vital to language development. The reduplicative such as â€Å"quack quack†and diminutives like â€Å"mummy†show the bridge between phonological and lexical development. Child directed speech features a unique syntax. Parents usually use short utterances rather than full sentence structures in order to convey meaning to their child.They are often repeated so children have practice in a particular concept. Child directed speech helps infants to detect syntactic boundaries and makes linguistic patterns easier to recognize. Children begin to understand word order through child directed speech which slowly expands into a deeper understanding of sentence structure. However, communicating with children can be difficult if you can’t maintain their attention, so you need to talk about a topic that interests them.For example if you are washing them you could talk about all the different body parts whilst washing them, if they splash talk about the splash. Ask a lot of questions and let them reply as this speeds the acquisition of verbal auxiliaries by the child. Parents should use lots of names for things and many words for actions as they play an important role in later language development. Conversations with children are mostly about the present, here-and-now, rather than topics pertaining to another time, past or future.Regarding grammar, in the first three or four years there is not much point in correcting them as it will just confuse them and may do harm to their confidence and self-esteem. It is best to let the child correct themselves spontaneously when they are ready. However you could drop hints to help them out in correcting what they are saying. In order to relate to a child during â€Å"baby talk†, a parent may deliberately fabricate some words, and may pepper the speech of non verbal utterances. The parents might refer only to objects and events in the immediate surrounding area, and will often repeat the child’s utterances back to them.Children employ a wide variety of phonological simplifications, usually assimilation or reduplication, in learning speech, where the child seizes on a stressed syllable, and repeats it to form a word. Within the context of normal conversation with their children caregivers use a variety of techniques to encourage the continuance of that conversation. Repetition is one of the most frequently used methods of prolonging conversation, as well as one of the particular traits of child-directed speech.Frequently heard words for objects will be better remembered and better articulated than other words once the child begins to develop a productive vocabulary of real words. The more times a child hears a sentence clearly modeled, the more that child†™s language learning is facilitated. The expand and recast technique serves as an alternative to repetition, and, is a method parents often use as it gives children new ideas and helps with the formation of grammar, as well as prolonging the conversation by recasting the prior topic into a new form.Turn-taking is another technique used in child-directed speech. Used early in the child’s development, turn-taking provides infants with the opportunity of learning the structure of conversations. The parents use cues such as exaggerated pauses to help infants learn to take their turns. Routines of turn-taking also serve other functions in linguistic development. Babies gain experience in vocalizing, and participate in situations in which that vocalizing becomes more language-like.
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