Managing Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Projects - Essay Example The Ashleigh Music Festival Company has been tasked with the responsibility of managing this project and ensuring that it is successful. This essay will discuss how the Ashleigh Music Festival as a major project can be executed so as to successfully organize and execute it. This essay will also discuss the key issues of the Ashleigh Music Festival project such as the key tasks to be completed so that the festival can be ready for opening, the importance of using project management skills and techniques and the skills and competencies required of the project team among others. Part B: The importance of Project management tools The Ashleigh Music Festival is an important event the needs to be properly managed so as to ensure that it is successful. Effective project management techniques and processes need to be applied to this project for a number of reasons. These project management techniques and processes may include the creation of a business case, defining the scope of the project , being clear about the goals and objectives that need to be achieved by the project, coming up with a viable project plan and selecting the best project team to execute the project (Archibald 1992). The first reason why it would be important to use these project management techniques and processes in the Ashleigh Music Festival is because the project management team will be provided with the opportunity to take charge of the available resources so as to ensure that the team produces the highest quality deliverables that are on time and within the set budget (Bradford, Duncan & Tarcy 2000). This is much easier when project management techniques and processes are used to plan and execute a project (Cleland 1994). The second reason why it would be important to use project management techniques and processes in the Ashleigh Music Festival is to ensure that all set deadlines for the project are met and that all the necessary actions have a timeline at which they should be executed and a chieved (Burt, Dobler & Starling 2003). When project management techniques and processes are applied, deadlines for each action are given. This means that all the actions will have a timeline during which they should be carried out and completed successfully (Cleland & Gareis 2006). This increases the chances of the entire project succeeding as opposed to when there are no set deadlines. Defining the scope of the project is important because it will help the project to focus on what it is set to achieve, and nothing else. It will enable the project team to remain on course and focus their attention on only what the project is set to achieve. Producing a project plan will outline all the processes that need to be conducted and show how they shall be executed. The plan will act as a guide for all the actions that take place during the project’s life cycle. Getting the right team together is also one of the most important factors that will determine whether the project is succes sful or not. The project team is the heart of the project because it is responsible for planning for it and executing it. Creating a business case is necessary because it will provide a solution to the problems likely to be experienced in the project. Essentially, project management entails a number of processes and standard control systems that will ensure the success of projects like the Ashleigh Music

Lab report Essay Example for Free

Lab report Essay A molecular diffusion experiment of acetone-air (redundant w/ last sentence. . concise)was conducted with the goal of determining the diffusion coefficient of acetone into air. For this experiment, acetone was placed in a test tub 3mm OD, 2mm ID . . (is that correct? ) NMR tube? e and was allowed to diffuse into non-diffusing air that was passed over the test tube. The air that passed over the tube was from natural circulation in the room and no air was forced over the top of the test tube. The diffusion occurred over a period of approximately eight hours, with readings taken each hour. After analyzing the data collected from the performance of this experiment, tThe diffusion coefficient was calculated to be 0. 098 + 0. 02 cm2/s at T = ?. After completing our calculations, oOur results were then compared using the Chapman-Enskog equation as well as the Fuller, Schettler, and Giddings method. The diffusion coefficient calculated by the Chapman-Enskog was 0. 990 + 0. 001 cm2/s and the result of the Fuller, Schettler, and Giddings method was 0. 104 + . 002 cm2/s. The literature value found in Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook was 0. 125 + 0. 00 cm2/s. (at T = ?. . . or extrapolated from? ) The agreement of our method with the other methods available for calculating the diffusion coefficient was very good (how good is â€Å"very† good. .. significant discrepencies or not? ), and also agreed well with the literature value found. This led to a conclusion that this method of determining the diffusion coefficient of acetone into air can be aconsidered a reasonably reliable method. BACKGROUND Molecular diffusion is the transfer or movement of individual molecules through a fluid by random molecular movements (Geankoplis 412, year of publication). In the diffusion process, the molecules of interest flow from regions of high concentration to low concentration. Molecular diffusion can occur in both directions with the system. In the case of the diffusion tube experiment, however, acetone diffuses through non-diffusing air, which is passed over the top of the test tube containing the acetone. The air is allowed into the test tube, but does not diffuse into the acetone. Molecular diffusion of gases has been studied for many years. Molecular diffusion is a mass transport process Motivation for its study comes from the fact that chemical separation processes such as distillation, drying, ion exchange systems as well as many other processes depend on molecular diffusion (Kirk-Othmer Vol 8, p 149(check format)). EXPERIMENTAL METHODS For the performance of this experiment, a small test tube was filled approximately a third full of acetoneBe specific. . how small, starting height, diam, etc. This test tube was then vertically placed in a 10mL graduated cylinder which contained small beads. The purpose of the beads was to ensure that the test tube remained vertical. This assembly was then placed on a digital scale. The amount of air movement provided by the ventilation system was assumed to be adequate so as to ensure that the concentration of the acetone at the top of the tube was zero. An initial acetone level in the test tube was taken, as well as the mass of the assembly and the temperature of the area surrounding the assembly. After this initial data was taken, the area temperature and mass of the assembly were taken approximately every hour for the next eight hours. The final level of the acetone in the test tube was taken when the final temperature and mass reading were taken. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS From the data collected from the experiment, the diffusion coefficient was calculated using equation 6. 2-26 from Geankoplis: (Equation 1) As the z value was only recorded at the beginning and the end of the experiment, the intermediate values of z had to be calculated. The following equation was used for the calculation of the intermediate z values: (Equation 2) Thus, all values but DAB were known and could be plotted versus time to obtain a linear plot. By rearranging equation 1, it can be seen that the slope of this plot will be equal to 1/ DAB : (Equation 1. 1) The initial plot of data which includes all points is shown below in Figure 1. This plot contains all points and has an R2 value of 0. 9478. From this plot the molecular diffusivity coefficient was determined to be 0. 108 + 0. 022 cm2/s. Figure 1: First plot of data in Equation 1 The second point in the data (t=2700s) showed no diffusion occurred in the first 45 minutes, which seems unlikely (yes, good- sensitivity of balance, etc). If this point is taken as erroneous, the R2 value goes up to 0. 9639 (more important here will be the confidence interval on the slop. . . get that from Tools- Data Analyis-Regression menu in Excel or else in Polymath or TableCureve, etc) and the molecular diffusivity calculates out to be 0. 098 + 0. 021 cm2/s. The plot of the experimental data excluding the second point is presented below in Figure 2. Figure 2: Second plot of data in Equation 1. . forcing through zero point is good. . . looks to me like first FOUR points would give a lower Dab then the last 4. Problems with next 3 that lie below line? Anytihing suspicious happening here? To determine the time it takes for the system to reach steady state, the following equation can be used to calculate the fraction of steady state the system is at: (Equation 3) By plotting the value of ((NA)t/(NA)t=? ) versus time, the curve in Figure 3 was generated which demonstrates the systems approach to steady state. Wow, great! Cite source.  (still wonder about SST conditions of 1st 4 pts though. . . Figure 3: Fraction of steady state versus time From this plot, it could be said that the system achieves steady state in 115 minutes; however, there is strong evidence this may not be accurate. As mentioned earlier, the second point may be erroneous. This would change the path of the curve. In addition, data was not collected at a high enough frequency for this curve to be highly accurate at predicting the time to steady state. If in fact the second point is erroneous, the system could have come to steady state well before 115 minutes. This time of 115 minutes at best, could be the upper bound (or lower bound according to Whitaker’s criteria in his article (handout). . . not sure!! for the time it takes for the system to come to steady state. The scatter in the data can be attributed to various factors in the experiment. The scatter could be attributed to the changes in temperature, as the temperature did fluctuate slightly through the duration of the experiment – Good!. At what time did it stabilize?. The change in temperature would cause a change in the partial pressure of the acetone leading to further deviations. In addition, there was no measure of airflow past the tube. Changes in the airflow could also have contributed to the scatter as it could effect the concentration of the acetone at the top of the test tube (Good! ). The diffusion coefficient was also calculated using the Chapman Enskog equation, (Equation 4) and the Fuller, Schettler and Giddings method. (Equation 5) A literature value was also found for acetone at K(check Perrys), which was corrected to our experimental temperature using the correlation (Equation 6) The values obtained with these methods as well as those from the experimental data are presented in Table 2. Table 1: Values of molecular diffusivity coefficients found. ** ** A very good way to show this graphically in Excel would be to use a bar graph showing the values of Dab as height of a bar by method used, and error bars to easily demonstrate any overlap of uncertainty, discrepancy, etc. Example: The Chapman Enskog method is accurate within 8% and the Fuller Schettler and Giddings value has a lower accuracy than the Chapman Enskog (Geankoplis 425). The Chapman Enskog value is less than 1% different than the experimental value and the Fuller Schettler and Giddings value only about 6% different. From this analysis, it seems these equations predicted the experimental value very well. These calculated values are about 20% lower than the literature value. This variance may come from the inconsistent temperature in the room or from pressure fluctuations in the room caused perhaps by the starting and stopping of the HVAC systems. For the derivation of Equation 1, several assumptions are made. Beginning with the general equation (Geankoplis 6.  2-14): (Equation 7) One assumption was that because the case examined was a diffusing A (acetone) into non-diffusing B (air), the diffusion flux of air into the acetone (NB) was equal to zero. Another assumption made was that since the total pressure was low, the acetone gas diffusing into air was an ideal gas. This allowed for the term c to be replaced with its ideal gas equivalent, P/RT. Add itionally, the air passing over the test tube was assumed to contain no water vapor. An average air velocity that was uniform was passing over the acetone containing test tube was also assumed. There are non-idealities that exist in the molecular diffusion of acetone into air. Some of these non-idealities are corrected for in the journal from Lee and Wilke. Acetone displays surface tension effects which, instead of having a perfectly horizontal liquid surface, give the liquid acetone a slightly downward curved liquid level. Because of this curvature, the actual diffusion path length that the acetone travels is smaller than what the diffusion length would appear to be based on center liquid level or calculated liquid volume (Lee 2384). Along with a non ideal liquid surface, the air passing over the open end of the tube may cause some turbulence to exist in the top portion of the tube. With its existence, the turbulent area of the tube will cause a length to exist inside the tube where the concentration of acetone is zero. With the presence of this acetone vapor-free region, the diffusion length is again shorter than it would appear to be. To account for the non-idealities in the diffusion process, Lee and Wilke do not use the apparent diffusion path. Instead, they use an effective average diffusion path which they give by: (Equation 8) Where x is the effective average diffusion path, ? xs is the length of the curvature of the non-ideal liquid to account for the surface tension forces, ? xe is the length of the tube where the acetone vapor-free region exists due to turbulence that exists from the passage of the air, and ? x ­ is the sum of ? xs and ? xe (Lee 2384). When this is substituted back into the diffusion equation, it becomes the following: (Equation 9) Where Da is the apparent diffusion coefficient and D is the true diffusion coefficient based on the true diffusion path (Lee 2384). The way our experiment was setup, the driving force for the air across the test tube was natural air flow and did not employ forced air flow. Because of this, the length of the tube where the turbulence existed in the Lee and Wilke journal would most likely not have been present in our experiment. Also, the initial liquid acetone level selected in our experiment was such that the length of the curvature due to the surface tension forces on the acetone would have been negligible when compared to the apparent diffusion length of the tube. The initial height of the liquid in the tube for this experiment was chosen wisely. The reason for this is that with the initial level that was chosen, a sufficiently long diffusion path existed such that the non-idealities that were accounted for in the Lee and Wilke journal entry would have had a very insignificant impact on the results of our experiment. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS From the data collected an analyzed, it has been determined that the experimental procedure used here can determine the molecular diffusivity coefficient with some level of accuracy. For future experiments, some form of air flow regulation should be investigated. Something as simple as a room fan could be placed next to the scale to ensure a more constant air flow. Another increase in accuracy could be achieved by regulating the temperature with more consistency. If the experiment could be performed in a large insulated room, the temperature may not vary as much. Good job on Discussion, Conclusions, etc. . . to improve maybe expand to relate what YOU think are the main ‘uncertaintys’ that caused problems in your particular case and show evidence to support.

Airline Competitive Advantage

Airline Competitive Advantage During turbulent 1970s and early part of 1980s, marketing was a comparatively unimportant activity among airline companies around the world due to stringent industry regulation and the industry was operating in a sellers market conditions around the globe. In particular, protected by government ownership and regulation, airlines were safe from serious competitive effects of the marketplace. In most cases, the industry showed an oligopolistic market structure. For instance, price competition was nonexistent, promotional efforts were limited, product service quality was uneven, and little had been done to develop efficient distribution systems through hub and spoke networks Borenstein 1989. In a market which was dominated by airlines themselves the motto was if you offer flights from one destination to another, people will take them. There is substantial anecdotal evidence that an airline with a dominant share of the traffic at an airport has a competitive advantage on routes that incl ude that airport. In this approach, consumers needs and wants, their expectations did not have any meaning. In recent years, there have been a number of changes in global airlines industry which have had profound effects on the development of this very volatile sector of the economy in most countries of the world. Pustay 1992Demographic, legal-political, socio-economic and technological changes have led the way to transformation of the airline and the way they do business domestically as well as internationally. In this rapid re-structuring process, both national as well as private airlines had to modify their marketing and business policies and strategies. In particular, the emergence of consumer-oriented marketing approach was evident. The essence of the marketing concept incorporates three basic elements of customer-orientation, integrated marketing efforts and the resultant company profitability and customer satisfaction. In this process, continuous relationship between airlines and their customers has become the watchword and airline industry standard. Definition of Competitive Advantage and Strategic Thinking A competitive advantage is a medium or long-term factor that works in favour organisation or at least, a restricted number of airline industries. Competitive advantages in airline are usually facets which are costly and time consuming for others to develop so that the entry price is high. Typical competitive advantages are cost leadership, technological superiority and uniqueness. Positioning Airline Company The first approach takes the structure of the industry as given and matches the company. Strength and weaknesses to it competitive advantage can be viewed as a building defence against the competitive force or as finding position in the industry where the force are weakest. Knowledge of the airline industry capabilities and of course of the competitive force will highlight the areas where the airline industry should confront competitive and where avoid it. When dealing with the industry force that drive industry competitive, company can devise a strategy that takes the offensive. This posture is designed to do more than merely cope with the forces themselves it is mean to alter their causes. Innovation cost in airline industry market can raise brand identification or otherwise differentiate the service and capital investment in airline at large scale facilities or vertical integration affects entry barriers. The forces he identifies are: Rivalry Among Existing Competitors Threat of Substitute customer relationship and Services Threat of New Entrants Bargaining Power of customers Bargaining Power of employees Exploiting Industry Change in Airline Company Airline industry evolution is important strategically because evolution, of cause, bright with it changes in the sources of competition in the familiar services in the life-cycle pattern, for example, growth rates changes, services differentiation is said to decline as the business becomes more mature and the company tend to integrate vertically. These trends are not so important in themselves, what is critical is whether they affect the sources of competition. Consider vertical integration in the maturing airline industry, extensive vertical integration both in servicing and in customer relationship development is taking place. This very significant trend is greatly raising economics of scale as well as the industry this is turn raising barriers to entry and may drive some smaller airline competitors out of the industry once growth level off. Oligopoly and Game theory in airline industry Taking two different airlines as an example, if either airlines decides on cutting their fares, there is tendency that it will affect the other, and if both airlines decide on cutting down their fares, they will both be affected and shift to a worst situation unless, there is increase in fare sales to a reasonable level. Using the names Ryan Air and British Airways respectively to represent two different airlines, If the Ryan airline decides to go for the best fare that maximises profit, it will affect the demand of the fares for the British Airways airline and vice-versa, and also they could also decide on going for the maximum of the minimum (MAXIMIN), tending to increase they profit. So therefore, both airlines tend to have effect on effect other. Recession could be an advantage or demerit to an economy and other firms. Some organisations might see recession as an advantage because it motivates the market to run effectively mostly during long-term. Taking Ryan jar airline as an example, the organisation seen recession as an advantage to them because, during recession competition within the airline industry is less, it causes brings down the cost of airlines. If there is high number of airlines, the lesser the information they get about each others performance being an advantage to the firms, and more likely output and prices will be at a competitive level (Wessel,W.J (2006)pg 433-434). An article laid out by Elowitt, K. (2009), British Airways is one the affected airlines in the economy, stating a 14% drop in the premium traffic domestically and worldwide during the previous year, causing the company to put on hold two or more of their biggest flights. How EU Encouraged the Expansion of low Cost Carriers Reduce congestion in the skies. The European Union constructed a single European sky thereby reducing congestion drastically. The EU has the power to do so because the congestion price is at their disposal and they can also develop strategies and alliances with other airports. A country aware or facing a congestion problem can also create secondary airport to divert segments of the main airports traffic. Air regulations. Rules were imposed into to erase or prevent monopolistic practices which were anti competitive that usually prevented competition to the detriment of consumers. Most importantly, the EU competition rules regaled mergers, state aid to producers are prohibited within certain conditions and finally rules about cartels that prohibited all inter-company agreements that usually restrict or prevent competition within the European Union was implemented. Five ways to airlines reduce cost Used of secondary airport. Paying lower airport charges by using cheaper airport is a means by which cost can be reduced. A similar example is the Debonair and easy jet that set them up in 1995 at Luton where they were given extremely favourable deals on airport charges and rentals. The low-cost is very attractive to smaller airport and as a result can demand extremely low lending and other fees. Increasing number of seats by removing galleys and reduce the seat pitch; By doing away with business class, by reducing the seat pitch that is the distance between seats, low-cost carriers can simply increase the number of seats available for sale on the aircraft. Low-cost carriers tend to also increase their number of seats by reducing the number of toilets and eliminating other spaces such as coat cupboard, and so on. Direct Flight. Low-cost carriers dont set up a network. Their connection is point to point with a high market potential especially for individual private or non-business travellers. The traditional carriers have their own hubs where passengers can switch planes, from European to intercontinental flights. High cost of sales of tickets online. By so doing, they do not pay agencies like the traditional airlines on the sale of tickets. A company spokesman said Ryan airline has around three quarters of its customers already checked online and predicted that passengers would welcome the initiative. Low operating cost: All cost is reduced to its minimal e.g. maintenance cost, air fares, wages etc. No hub services, short cleaning time, no air freight, thus giving rise to high resource productivity. Low-cost carrier in the Aviation Industry Low cost carriers made a great impact on the aviation market causing the competition amongst firms to increase. Low cost carriers also led to a large extension in the number and density of civil airports, thus, the number of passengers in the traditional airport did not reduce. Basically from the point of view, low cost carriers induced either an additional demand or won clients for the air traffic which might have travelled by other means. An interview showed that 59% of the clients or passengers of the low cost carriers are new and 37% changed from other airlines. From the new airlines statistics, 6% stated they would have used the train, 15% the car and 71% said they wouldnt have travelled at all if they wouldnt have been the low cost offer. Incumbent airlines have responded with small cut-price airlines of their own to maintain market share. Due to the impact of low cost airlines, traditional European airlines such as British airways and Lufthansa are experiencing increasing pressure from the growth of the LCC. The traditional airline responses have gone to the extent of reduction in labour cost, greater use of regional aircraft and a run-down of secondary hubs. The traditional airlines also made a lot of changes to their on-board service and a move to direct-sell bring these airlines closer to the low cost carrier product. At the end, the traditional airlines network strength is largely maintained, however, which appears a better strategy to them. The traditional airlines raised up an issue against the low cost airlines that there is unfair competition and abuse to monopoly power and the conclusion led the traditional airlines to be in better shape than their counterparts. Source of Competitive Advantage in Airline Industry Competitive cost advantage in airline industry is a constantly moving target for any company in any industry; the key is not to get stuck with a single simple notion of its source of advantage. The best competitors the most successful ones, know how to keep moving and always stay on the cutting edge. Today, time is a cutting edge among the airline. The ways bigger airline industry companies manage time airline industry in new customer relationship and introduction in flight schedule represent the most powerful new sources of competitive advantage. Though certain western company are pursuing this advantage airline industry experience and practice provide the most instructive example not because they are necessarily unique but because they best illustrate the evolutionary stage through which leading companies have advantage. What Determines cost Success or Failure in Airline Industry Competition The question of what determine the cost success or failure of airline firms competition may be the most fundamental question that strategic management poses. Success, for a strategically distinct business requires that a competitive advantage be created and sustained in airline industry. Competitive advantage yield an economic rent in other words it create a situation in which economic costs are exceeded by revenue generated. Cost may be less than those of competitors, or any combination of this advantage. Conclusions Company might be affected by cyclical effects, leading them to reduce travels of all kinds most by individuals, leading to reduction in demand but the growth remains on a positive side. Individuals travelling on higher fares tickets like first class might change to second class or a lower class. Other companies deciding on building higher cash flow either by introducing higher discounts on premium tickets so as to fill lapse or even to increase demand. According to Winston and Morrison (1989), if an airline exercises monopoly power, the services provided are likely to be reflected with higher prices for the same level of output.

How Conan Doyle Conveys an Impression of Suspense and Mystery Essay

How Conan Doyle Conveys an Impression of Suspense and Mystery Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses many literary devices to convey an impression of suspense and mystery. They are placed throughout the story to ensure that the reader is always guessing as to what happens next. The primary device that Doyle uses is a combination of melodrama and academic writing. The latter is used in abundance with touches of the former to ensure that the reader is not put off at any point. Furthermore, it ensures a sense of realism which makes the mystery much more intense. Doyle's academic style can be seen from the very first sentence of the story when he states: "Of all the problems, which have been to my friend Mr Sherlock Holmes for solution" Coupled with academic writing is understatement when he writes, "At the time the circumstances made a deep impression upon me, and the lapse of two years has hardly served to weaken the effect." Melodrama can be observed from the statement, "[it] was so strange in its inception and so dramatic in its details" Throughout the beginning of the story the credibility of the narrator, Dr Watson, is built up to ensure a relationship of trust between him and the reader. This means that everything he says is instantly believable and this amplifies the mystery and suspense. An example of this is: "My practice had steadily increased, and as I happened to live at no very great distance from Paddington Station, I got a few patients from among the officials." Here you can see that Doyle is emphasising Watson's profession. The reader is given the impression that because Watson is a doctor he can be trusted. Furthermore, the reader knows that he's not going to dramatise the events. To ensure ... ...le size but of an exceeding thinness. I do not think that I have ever seen so thin a man. His whole face sharpened away into nose and chin, and the skin of his cheeks was drawn quite tense over his outstanding bones. Yet this emaciation seemed to be his natural habit, and due to no disease, for his eye was bright, his step brisk, and his bearing assured." In conclusion, I will say that using all these devices, Doyle successfully builds up curiosity and hence mystery and intrigue. Using little but heavy description, he is able to build up a powerful image that has the ability to shock the reader into submission. It is, for the most part, instantly believable and this serves the purpose of lulling the reader into a false sense of security. When the whole truth is finally revealed it is ever more vivid and much more successful in entertaining the reader.

Nishma

â€Å"When we meet real tragedy in life, we can react in two ways-either by losing hope and falling into self destructive habits or by using the challenge to find our inner strengths†- Dali Lama. I have witnessed and encountered many tragedies in my life and are going share the trials and tribulations that I have endured and how life has made me a stronger Individual today.The point of this story Is not to upset those who have witness tragedies as well or frustrate those who are going through something UT to show that anyone can come out stronger through tragedies they've witnessed, instead of faltering into a distressful state of mind. My story begins at just the age of 8, we Just had moved to a South Texas town, Counted, this town had about 2,000 to 3,000 people residing in It. My parents had decided this was the perfect place to raise me and my brother who Is two years older than me.I TLD understand much then, but from what I can remember the only problems I had was what fl avor of Ice cream I wanted when my father took me to the ice cream shop and which Disney Handel show was on. But then, as I thought things were Just fine, On one summer night I heard noises in my parents' bedroom and I overheard my favorite hero crying in the bedroom and saying he needed to tell us something terrible had happened. As he sat me down on his lap and told me that grandfather had passed away. My grandfather had been diagnosed with lung cancer shortly after he came from India to America too visit us.My father had to take him back to India when they found out he diagnosed. I sat there not understanding what had happened and hearing my ere in tears for the first time. It was one of first of many forms of tragedy I have had to witness as I thought nothing could shake my father but at this moment I realized I was wrong and got scared, this moment had changed my whole perspective on anything can happen at any moment. But what really stood out to me was my father's ability to g o through the tough times and soul be strong for everyone else. This tragedy I witnessed taught me how to be strong and not to take things or people for granted.I was able to be an emotional support for my parents. Tragedies can come n several deferent ways in different parts of our lives. In relation to this I witnessed my father face his second tragedy in life, his pride and Joy was his business but, in 2001 when the markets slowed, the hotel my father owned, which was about a 12 room property, slowed down to a point where he could not afford to keep it open anymore. We had days we TLD have electricity, and It got so bad that my dad to give up his car too. After about two years of hoping it would regain business, it lead us to a disappointment.My dad had given up, had to give the hotel up to the bank. This was something that he had to face head-on and decided to go back to work again. Though his pride and Joy were lost, he developed a sense of motivation which would bring him back to one day owning a business again. I didn't really understand the direct impact on my life. This is an example of a tragedy that I witnessed and was able to learn that though you might fall, you always have to get back up stronger and even more motivated then you were before. Later at the age of 14, I witnessed prejudice towards my mother because of her disability.My mother was diagnosed severe bipolar disorder along with chronic schizophrenia. She had unpredictable days of outburst of anger, frustration, along violent actions. But she had days when she would be completely normal. As a family we felt completely helpless at times. Most of my mom's side of the family were not there to support us and ignored the situation. In the community that my parents and I lived, primarily Indo-Asian, did not accept people with disabilities, and were often times excluded in events, gatherings and have caused them to lose their Jobs.Being witness to this type of scenario and the idea that we as a society think time has improved our â€Å"backwards way of thinking† has caused me to rethink how far we have actually come and how far we still need to go. As a observer, I was in disbelief that people be the way they were to my mother who has one of the most open minded and honest soul. Some of the verbal language that was thrown at her as I heard as a child left me with a bitter taste and sometimes vivid scenes from the past. The taunts such as â€Å"she's crazy' and â€Å"she needs to be sent to a mental hospitals.Tragedies can not only effect the primary individual but the individuals around them, as I was an example in this case being Judged as my mom. I now am able to voice to injustice for my mom. I have been able to help provide my mom and much more acceptable environment and give her that happiness she deserves. Her condition has given me the motivation to show people that despite her health she was able to raise a responsible daughter. Misfortunes that have been overcome can be described as triumphs.A primary example of this can be said about my father going through his fife with a several different tragedies, but following every tragedy, he has made it to overcome those and created triumphs. For example, after he lost his business he had to start from the bottom of the hotel industry. As I witnessed him move from one Job to another I saw him learn from every opportunity he had and then carried that up the ladder. Triumphs can be created through small or big steps following tragedies. Being a witness to tragedies can really set yourself up to realize that you have them in your own life too and those triumphs keeps you going.In my life I have seen my ether go through many obstacles that were tragedies too me. Being a witness to huge life events of the closest people in your life can lead to many lessons and those lessons can teach you how to work through your own tragedies. In conclusion I have witness many tragedies and I have also witness many triumphs, The examples I have given above about my grandfather passing away, about my father losing his business and having to get through the problems of prejudice with my mom and the community we lived in, shows that tragedies can be overcome despite the obstacles.I eave witnessed many triumphs watching my father having his through the hotel industry, in his career and his personal life. Every step he took to get to the triumph was another step forward . Let's all about having building blocks and overcoming obstacles to get there. Being a witness to these, personally, has made me a stronger, thriving and motivated individual. It's all about learning through other people's problems or learn how to deal with them when I have my own. Today, I have built my foundation from overcoming these problems, and has made me understanding and a responsible person.

Treaty of Ghent essays

Treaty of Ghent essays The treaty of Ghent put on end to the war of 1812.The war was over conflict between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815. They fought over the maritime rights of neutrals and it ended inconclusively. The treaty was a long going process that finally was completed on Christmas Eve. There were many agrees and disagrees that were put forth to make peace. There were a total of 11 articles that made up the treaty. The treaty is one of the most remembered treaties in all of history. It changed the world with a big impact. The Treaty Of Ghent that was signed in December 1814 that ended a war, which by now both sides was silently admitting, should never have started. The treaty though proved to be a great act of statesmanship. After the signing Adams remarked to one of the English delegates "I hope this will be the last treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States" And it was. The very fact that both sides withdrew to their prewar positions, that neither could describe the war as a success or a defeat, and that the terms could not be presented, then or later, as a triumph or a robbery - all worked for permanency and helped to erase from the national memory of both countries a struggle which had been bitter enough at the time. The absence of any recrimination too meant that the treaty could serve as a basis on which to build a friendly, common sense relationship between two English-speaking peoples. The statement that the war of 1812 was born purely out of a "Pointless aggression" is true - to an extent. In the build up to the1812 war Britain seemed to provoke the United States through every means possible exploiting there own position. The United States did try to avoid a war with Britain but they saw how a war could fulfill there own ambitions and so used the war to pursue there own objectives which were increasing the size of the United States whilst reinforcing the economy through trade. The fact was th...

Roman Numeral Origins and List from I to CI

Roman Numeral Origins and List from I to CI Manual Origin of the Roman for 5 [If youve forgotten what Roman Numerals look like, theyre listed below.] J. E. Sandys describes the origins of Roman numerals, in Latin Epigraphy. He says the original numeral was a line to stand for 1 and a representation of a hand that looks like a V to stand for 5. The X (10) is two hands joined or one v atop a second v turned upside down. However plausible that sounds considering the human tendency to use our digits and hands for counting, there is an alternative explanation. Etruscan and Greek Origin for Roman Numbers The X was similar to the Etruscan symbol for 10, the top half of which was adopted for 5. Ancient Chalcidic (Greek) symbols were added: one came to look like an L for 50 and the other was the Greek phi (ÃŽ ¦) that became the curved M (1000) symbol that was sometimes written like our symbol for infinity. Gradual Changes in the Roman Numerals To make the number 10,000 the phi was surrounded by an outside circle. A third circle made it 100,000. The right half of these symbols meant half, so half of the phi, a D meant 500, as used by Cicero. But towards the end of the Republic a horizontal bar above a numeral meant that number in the thousands, so a V with a bar on top meant 5,000, and a D with a bar on top meant 500,000. More on the Higher Roman Numerals Somewhat surprisingly, Sandys says that M was not used for 1000 before the second century A.D., except before p for mile milia passuum. Sandys says the original symbol for 100 was probably a Chalcidic theta (ÃŽËœ) and became a C. The fact that the word in Latin for 100, centum, began with a C made the symbol especially appropriate. Sources on Roman Numerals In addition to J. E. Sandys Latin Epigraphy, Mommsen is another source on the topic of Roman Numerals. For more recent work on Roman numerals, see The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000, by Paul Keyser. American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 92, No. 4 (Oct., 1988), pp. 529-546. Also, see: Roman NumerationThe numbers, how to decline them, and the hours of the day. List of Roman Numerals from I to CI 1 I2 II3 III4 IV​5 V6 VI7 VII8 VIII9 IX10 X11 XI12 XII13 XIII14 XIV15 XV16 XVI17 XVII18 XVIII19 XIX20 XX21 XXI22 XXII23 XXIII24 XXIV25 XXV26 XXVI27 XXVII28 XXVIII29 XXIX30 XXX31 XXXI32 XXXII33 XXXIII34 XXXIV35 XXXV36 XXXVI37 XXXVII39 XXXIX38 XXXVIII40 XL41 XLI29 XXIX43 XLIII44 LIV45 XLV46 XLVI47 XLVII48 XLVIII49 XLIX50 L51 LI52 LII53 LIII54 LIV55 LV56 LVI57 LVII58 LVIII59 LIX60 LX61 LXI62 LXII63 LXIII64 LXIV65 LXV66 LXVI67 LXVII68 LXVIII69 LXIX70 LXX71 LXXI72 LXXII73 LXXIII74 LXXIV75 LXXV76 LXXVI77 LXXVII78 LXXVIII79 LXXIX80 LXXX81 LXXXI82 LXXXII83 LXXXIII84 LXXXIV85 LXXXV86 LXXXVI87 LXXXVII88 LXXXVIII89 LXXXIX90 XC91 XCI92 XCII93 XCIII94 XCIV95 XCV96 XCVI97 XCVII98 XCVIII99 XCIX100 C101 CI

Irish Clasical Musiv essays

Irish Clasical Musiv essays To most individuals Irish music brings a certain type of music to mind, jigs, reels hornpipes various types of dancing music. It may also bring to mind the common pub songs regarding war, love, sadness and of course emigration. Turlough O'carolan introduced a different flavor of Irish music that in some ways is still seen today. His music contains the comman elements of Irish music but adds the more classical feel that was present in continental Europe at that time, especially Italy. O'Carolan was born in 1670, in Nobber, County Meath Ireland. His father, was a blacksmith by trade, who entered into the household of an aristocratic family called MacDermott Roe. The O'Carolan's were a typical, poor, Catholic, Irish speaking family. The expectations for O'Carolan would be to follow in the same, simple existance as his father, learning the trade and continueing to be poor. But, at the age of eighteen, he was stricken with smallpox, which caused his complete blindness. This horrific event actually was the trigger for O'Carolans importance to Music. After being blinded, Mrs. MacDermott Roe took it upon herself to educate O'Carolan. She actually obligated him to be instructed as a Harpist. The Harpist in Ireland has always been held in great esteem throughout Irish history. They inherited he prestige of the bards from ancient times. Ancient Harpists in Ireland were typically aligned with certain ruling families and because of that, they commanded a great deal of respect other muscians, especially the poor fiddle playing types would not have been granted. ...

The Yellow Wallpaper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Yellow Wallpaper 2 - Essay Example The lady never questioned her husband’s decision and followed his instructions but only to experience a worst possible fate a human can ever imagine (Gilman, 1892). The story tells about how females are guided and literally ruled over by their husbands. The women have remained suppressed in all parts of the world as they were unable to take charge of the life that they had been blessed with by the God himself. Additionally, the choice made by the husband aggravated the issue because the wife fell into the belief that she was trapped into the room and her belief translated into a presence of woman who was trapped into the yellow wallpaper. The wife considered it as her duty to free the trapped woman as she cannot free herself. The will to help others had always remained a great motivational force for humans and the objective of freeing a woman in the wallpaper gave the sense of direction to the lady. Once she freed the woman in the picture then, she lost the purpose of life and therefore, she completely succumbed to her mental condition. The message of the story is simple and easy to understand, if only one is committed and willing to do that. The best way to help is to let the sufferer make his or her choices as freely as possible. The human is the most sophisticated piece of machinery ever built. People have a physical life and a psychological one as well. The apparent satisfaction does not mean that a person is contented from the inside. The meaningless compliance means that a pile of un-served needs and wants is gathering and it is usually the matter of time before a person becomes mentally impaired by carrying the burden in the inside. The wife was happy from the outside but she was sorrowful on the inside and finally, the sadness got better of the apparent happiness and she started doing what she wanted and what she can. The action was simple as it involved crawling around the room but it

Government's Involvement or Role in the Marketplace - Managerial Essay

Government's Involvement or Role in the Marketplace - Managerial Economics - Essay Example Economists often assume that markets are perfectly competitive and that all information necessary to make rational decisions is available. . But this is not always true. Sometimes the market is far from being competitive, there is lack of adequate information for participants, and a single buyer or seller, or a small group of buyers and sellers, may be able to control market prices. This power exercised by monopolists and oligopolists is called market power. Market power can cause markets to be inefficient, keeping price and quantity away from the supply-and-demand equilibrium (Mankiw, 1998; Samuelson and Marks, 1995). There are instances when society as a whole is not well served; therefore, it is incumbent on the government to intervene, usually for two reasons: to promote efficiency (enlarging the economic pie), and to promote equity (ensuring a better division of the pie). To make their analysis simple, economists often assume that market outcomes matter only to the buyers and sellers, but in real life decisions by market participants sometimes affect people who had nothing to do with the market at all. Such side effects, called externalities, cause welfare to hinge on more than just values and costs when buyers and sellers decide how much to consume and produce, thus the market equilibrium can become inefficient from the viewpoint of society as a whole. Market power and externalities are what constitute market failure – which means that the market, unregulated and left on its own, fails to allocate resources efficiently. When markets fail, public policy may be able to provide a remedy to the problem situation and perhaps increase economic efficiency. The government intervenes in the hope of improving market outcomes. However, it is by no means certain that government intervention can improve the state of

Caring for chronic illness in the rural setting Essay

Caring for chronic illness in the rural setting - Essay Example They also lack knowledge and training about the caring regimen needed for the family members suffering from chronic disease (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). Hence, it is extremely important for health care professionals to design the services which are not only easily accessible to people living in rural areas but also help them in being capable of providing proper care to their family members suffering from chronic conditions. The Obstacles A study by ‘The Dartmouth Atlas Project’ (2006) has found that the chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease and cancer have affected the health of more than 90 million people in the US (Pierce& Lutz, 2009, p.191). Shapiro (2002) has found that the chronic condition is prevalent in more than one third of young adults aged between 18 to 44 years (Pierce& Lutz, 2009, p.191). A study by AHRQ (2002) has revealed that more than 75% of elder population is suffering from either one or more chronic conditions (Pierce& Lutz, 2009, p.192). T hese studies show how serious is the issue of prevalence of chronic conditions in the US population. It is evident that chronic condition is not limited to a particular age group but is affecting people from every age group. Hence, health care by family members is going to play a vital role in controlling the increase of the chronic diseases in people. However, families from rural setting are facing many obstacles in getting the access to health care services. Inadequate Health insurance Inadequate health insurance has proved to be one of the major problems in accessing proper health care services. A study by Lottero et al. (2007) found that even after having a long term relationship with the health care providers, people from farming profession were denied health care as they were not financially capable of paying the bills for their treatment (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). The major problem with the families seeking health care services for chronic conditions in rural areas is tha t they are either uninsured or underinsured (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). Hence, they avoid the treatment for chronic conditions unless it is an emergency (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). The lack of financial resources and sufficient insurance also make them to avoid getting health screening and preventive measures for chronic conditions (Smith-Campbell, 2009, p.562). Hence, instead of getting under control, the lack of proper resources is leading to growth in the prevalence of chronic conditions. Lack Of Facilities There are many obstacles that people living in rural area face in taking advantage of the medical facilities. They cannot utilize the medical facilities due to lack of follow up facilities required for different kind of chronic condition treatments. A qualitative research, conducted to study the obstacles in implementation of lifestyle and pharmacological changes to improve the chronic condition of ischemic heart disease, found that the use of ACE inhibitors was not poss ible in case of rural patients as it required follow-up blood tests (Putnam, Twohig, Burge, Jackson, & Cox, 2004, p. 401) Unfortunately, people living in the rural area, who suffer from hypertension and congestive heart diseases, cannot use ACE inhibitors as they cannot get an easy access to the blood test facility. Similarly, the facilities for physical exercise are also not accessible to the

Marketing Plan for Triumph Spares Limited Essay

Marketing Plan for Triumph Spares Limited - Essay Example Our market consist of both the final consumers and the b2b selling. However, it is noted that bulk of our sales are done through b2b channel, and only 20% of our sales is made to small customers through the shop. Therefore, we need to plan a strategy that will help us widen the both sectors and will lead to increase in the profits and revenues.The company has divided its market into two segments:Business Buyers: Here the deals are made with the other business and the company keeps a margin of 50%. This is the segment where the company earns the maximum revenue and almost 80% of its sales are made through this segment. Hence, we need to understand that this segment is most important to us in terms of its size and contribution to the profit. Hence, we need to devise a policy that sustains and grows the revenues earned from this segment. In other words, we can conclude that this is a priority segment for us. We need to look after this segment and need to give it much more importance and attention than the other sector. The sales made in this sector are in bulk and hence we can exploit on economies of scale if we continue to give importance to this sector given the size of this sector.General Public: This is the other market segment; we are currently selling our products to. Here the profit margins are high but the sales volume is very low, so we cannot rely just on this segment. We need to make sure that both the segments are sustained are served together if we need to maximize our profits.

Key factors that underpin a successful entrepreneurial team engaged in Essay

Key factors that underpin a successful entrepreneurial team engaged in setting up a business - Essay Example Setting up a business plan Business planning is an integral component when setting up a business. Entrepreneurs need to focus on their business mission and vision, and critical evaluation of both internal and external forces. Based on information gathered during situation analysis, entrepreneurs should establish goals and objectives, which they intend to achieve through efficient strategies (Madura 2006). With or without a business plan, its owners have some ideas of why the business exists, who it serves, and what it offers. In this regard, entrepreneurs need to have a clear set of goals, which should be aligned with the mission and vision statements. This helps the business to determine its growth patterns. However, the business plan is not wholly a factor to consider when setting up a business. Although it reflect the opportunities, concepts, and entrepreneurial team that fit the business, it is vital to consider other issues that the business would rely on for its success. The fo llowing sections will highlight these factors, which entrepreneurs need to consider when setting up a business. ... In fact, it is argued that entrepreneurs should only decide to start up a business after evaluating the likelihood of getting potential customers (Madura 2006). Therefore, demand is a key factor to consider when setting up a business. Another key factor to consider is competition. It is highly likely that there could be other businesses operating in the market one is intending to set up a business in. In this regard, entrepreneurs should ensure that they have full knowledge of how those other businesses operate and their performance (Tulsian and Pandey 2008). After such deliberations, the entrepreneur should design a plan on how to maintain competitive advantage strategies that would enable them emerge and survive in a highly competitive market. One of the strategies is to evaluate the product or services they want to sell. Analysis of, how the product performs in the market is vital. A good market research should aim at identifying the customer needs, preferences, and rationale of t heir consumption (Fischer, 1992). After knowing what customers need, they should set up standards that go in line with the customer’s preferences. In fact, studies have indicated that businesses that offer products of high value are more successful than those that do not (Tulsian and Pandey, 2008). It is also crucial to know the kind of products that suits target population. For example, an entrepreneur intending to start a textile business should have full knowledge of the kind of cloth designs that fit each of the age groups. Nevertheless, for a product or service to thrive in a market, promotion plays an integral role in this assurance. In this regard, it is crucial that

Quiz 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Quiz 2 - Essay Example Bacterial reduction through this process prediction was nonetheless as a result of the exposure of rainwater to sunlight and sedimentation. The materials and methods of monitoring flood controls in water shed rely on the relative proximity of these areas to the dry lands. The relative proximity of spillways to dry lands provides a direct drainage facility. An example of this facility is the Pon Court and copperhead sites, which acted as the automated valve outlet pipes. These automated valves outlet pipes ensure a perfect flow of runoff from the bacterial infected areas, which contributes to a watershed within shorter durations. In summary, improvement of pollutant removal system has been brought online to be adopted by various towns and cities. This would ensure bacterial infections controls are adopted by a wider world’s populace. The remote view of water level and rain gauge data through the internet is an important interphase project. In addition to monitoring and controlling of this project, the remote view paved way for an inlet and outlet evaluation of bacterial concentrations in the retrofitted

Marketing Plan for Triumph Spares Limited Essay

Marketing Plan for Triumph Spares Limited - Essay Example Our market consist of both the final consumers and the b2b selling. However, it is noted that bulk of our sales are done through b2b channel, and only 20% of our sales is made to small customers through the shop. Therefore, we need to plan a strategy that will help us widen the both sectors and will lead to increase in the profits and revenues.The company has divided its market into two segments:Business Buyers: Here the deals are made with the other business and the company keeps a margin of 50%. This is the segment where the company earns the maximum revenue and almost 80% of its sales are made through this segment. Hence, we need to understand that this segment is most important to us in terms of its size and contribution to the profit. Hence, we need to devise a policy that sustains and grows the revenues earned from this segment. In other words, we can conclude that this is a priority segment for us. We need to look after this segment and need to give it much more importance and attention than the other sector. The sales made in this sector are in bulk and hence we can exploit on economies of scale if we continue to give importance to this sector given the size of this sector.General Public: This is the other market segment; we are currently selling our products to. Here the profit margins are high but the sales volume is very low, so we cannot rely just on this segment. We need to make sure that both the segments are sustained are served together if we need to maximize our profits.

Quiz 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Quiz 2 - Essay Example Bacterial reduction through this process prediction was nonetheless as a result of the exposure of rainwater to sunlight and sedimentation. The materials and methods of monitoring flood controls in water shed rely on the relative proximity of these areas to the dry lands. The relative proximity of spillways to dry lands provides a direct drainage facility. An example of this facility is the Pon Court and copperhead sites, which acted as the automated valve outlet pipes. These automated valves outlet pipes ensure a perfect flow of runoff from the bacterial infected areas, which contributes to a watershed within shorter durations. In summary, improvement of pollutant removal system has been brought online to be adopted by various towns and cities. This would ensure bacterial infections controls are adopted by a wider world’s populace. The remote view of water level and rain gauge data through the internet is an important interphase project. In addition to monitoring and controlling of this project, the remote view paved way for an inlet and outlet evaluation of bacterial concentrations in the retrofitted

Soft Drinks in Rural Market in India Essay Example for Free

Soft Drinks in Rural Market in India Essay In India, the Coca-Cola and Pepsi soft drink brands suffered a setback in August of last year due to a product contamination scare. Both have cut profit margins to the bone in order to fend off competition from low-priced local fruit drinks. Indian consumers are accustomed to drinking a variety of locally-produced soft drinks that are sold in small stands throughout the country. Rural India is still a highly price-sensitive marketplace, so the major soft drink companies are forced to cut profit margins in order to compete there. Indias purchasing power parity per capita of US$2,850 is representative of a nation in which the average consumer has insufficient income to engage in discretionary spending. Nevertheless, during the hot season, spur-of-the-moment beverage sales are commonplace. In order to position themselves for sales growth, the major soft drink companies priced a 200-milliliter bottle at the equivalent of 11 U.S. cents. Although that price is not sustainable beyond the short term, management hopes that it will be enough to wrest market share away from local products and substantially increase sales volume in 2004. Beverage companies cannot afford to ignore Indias rural consumers if they wish to expand market share. According to data release by the PRB, only 28 percent of Indias population lived in urban areas in 2003. On average, rural consumers have a lower income level than their urban counterparts and demand lower-cost beverage options. In order to remain cost competitive, soft drink companies have to contain the transportation costs involved in expanding their distribution network into widespread towns and villages. Faced with high fuel and vehicle costs, companies are turning to less expensive means of transportation including ox carts and rickshaws. Another challenge facing the major soft drink companies is regaining consumer confidence in the aftermath of a well- publicized scandal over the presence of pesticides in some soft-drink products. A major publicity campaign aimed at regaining consumer confidence seems to be working, but bottlers need to avoid any more issues that would throw product safety into doubt. Recovering and maintaining an image of quality will be a key weapon in the struggle to take market share away from locally produced fruit beverages. Indian consumers are ready to opt for soft drinks, but not at a premium price.

Is Street Art a Legitimate Art Form?

Is Street Art a Legitimate Art Form? Street art originated in the late 1960s with the advent of graffiti and tagging in Philadelphia and New York City (Walsh, 1996: 3). It has been developing ever since as new styles, forms and techniques are created and utilised by street artists (Walsh, 1996: 12). But street art is not generally viewed as art worthy of the status of works in a gallery or a museum, although as Walsh says, it is not strictly denied the status of genuine art because it utilises various aesthetic elements (1996). However, street art is often seen as radical or unconventional because of its location on walls and doors, on train carriages and in tunnels (Cooper et al, 1984: 15). These public spaces provide blank canvases for street artists, yet using them means that street art is almost always illegal viewed as a form of vandalism (Cooper et al, 1984; Chaflant and Prigoff, 1987: 42). While more legal spaces for street art have opened in recent years, there still remains the question: is it really art? In this paper I would like to explore this idea by making reference both to the history of graffiti and street art, the (il)legalities surrounding it, the ideas expressed through it and the ways in which the aesthetics created by some street artists make their work undeniably art. Street art as vandalism Id like to explore some of the oppositions to street art, to understand why street artists are vilified and their work denied the status of art. Walsh argues that the only reason why this occurs is because of the location of street art (1996: 2-3). He strongly believes that street art cannot be disregarded as a criminal act simply because it is not presented in a conventional manner, that is, framed and placed in a museum or gallery (1996: 3). I agree with Walsh, and believe that while street art may be unsolicited, and sometimes termed vandalism, that this does not meant it is not art. Nonetheless, the illegality of street art has stood in the way of it becoming recognised as a legitimate art form. As Ferrell explains, there are an impressive array of control technologies and techniques aligned against [street art], including a sort of public surveillance of street artists by concerned citizens who have been led to believe that street art is criminal (2004: 35). Ferrell cites exampl es from the United States in which antigraffiti campaigners have proposed punishments for street artists, including: a bill requiring that kids convicted of writing graffiti be publicly paddled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ public caning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ suggestions of lopping of hands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and publicly spray-painting [street artists] genitals (2004: 36). Understanding these angry sentiments means understanding why street artists are vilified. This also means recognising the terms street art and graffiti as having two different connotations. Street art has in recent years been seen as something with intrinsic value, with artist Banksy earning large sums of money for his wall stencils, and street art in Melbourne, for example, being recognised as part of the citys heritage and culture. However the term graffiti is still linked to the notion of criminal behaviour, and anti-graffiti organisations such as Removal of Graffiti Everywhere (RAGE) are committed to making street art in all forms illegal. Both Walsh and Ferrell argue that graffitis negative associations are due to its links with tagging, a style of graffiti done very fast, within a few seconds with the aim that his or her tag be seen by as many people as possible (Walsh, 1996: 12). But Cooper et al argue that tagging is in a different category to other forms of graffiti because it does not have the same aesthetic qualities (1984: 15). It is, in their words scribble (1984: 15). Here therefore I would like to make a distinction between graffiti as street art and graffiti as tagging. I agree with Cooper et al (1984) that tagging does not hold the same aesthetic or expressive qualities as other forms of street art such as stencilling or graffiti murals. But what I find interesting about tagging is the fact that it involves anonymity and an alias which gives the writer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a new identity (Walsh, 1996: 12). This idea I would like to explore further with reference to street arts illegality. Anonymity, resistance and historic significance Like taggers, acclaimed stencil artist Banksy does not reveal his identity to the public. This reinforces the idea that there is something even about his widely celebrated form of street art that is illicit. Similar is Melbourne street artist Deb, who goes only by nickname and is hard to track down to a name or place. In fact many street artists use either aliases or nicknames that ensure them privacy and no attention from lawmakers. The anonymity of street artists once again goes back to the beginnings of graffiti writing in the 1960s, when gang members and other individuals graffitied and tagged urban spaces as a means of self-expression. Walsh argues that the monikers adopted by graffiti artists at the time worked both to allow the individual to remain anonymous, but also to provide him or her with a means to express outrage and resistance through a persona (1996: 122). Ferrell agrees with Walshs idea that street art is a form of resistance, stating that such artists employ partic ular forms of graffiti as a means of resisting particular constellations of legal, political, and religious authority (2004: 34). I would like to consider the idea of street art as resistance as the first part of my argument for street art as a valid artform. As a form of self expression, street art is a creative method of communicating with the general public, in a forum much more open than an art gallery. Street art communicates the artists identity and his or her ideas, and because it is visual, it appeals to people regardless of their cultural, lingual, or racial differences (Cooper and Chalfant, 1984: 66-67). Walsh notes that street artists see their art as a rebellion against a repressive political and economic order: against established art markets or gallery systems, against Western ideas of capitalism and against ideas about private property (1996: 47). What comes out of Walshs analysis is that street artists are doing what all other great art movements have done before them rebelling against established ideas and mores about what art should be, and using the power of self-expression to appeal to cert ain audiences. In this way, street artists can be compared to groups such as the Fauves, the Futurists or the Impressionists, breaking from tradition and forging new ground in the world of art. According to Walsh, such aspects of street art make it important as an art form not only for its rebellion against art traditions, but those of politics and the state (1996: 49-50). This also fits into Camnitzers argument that art should be recognised as a universal set of skills and values within which everybody has freedom of expression, showing how art as a form of resistance works: to perturb society and achieve results similar to those of political actions. But distinct from political actions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ art should shape culture on a deeper level and have a more long-lasting impact (1994: 38). Arguably, street art works to shape culture through resistance and rebellion while also influencing and perturbing society because of its ability to straddle the line between vandalism and art. Because street art is unique both due to its location and often its themes, it has the potential to influence the viewer and create change. As Williamson argues, it is the resistive power of street art that makes it important because it allows for the expression of ideas outside hegemonic norms (2004). She gives the example of street art in South Africa during apartheid which was the means for individuals to speak out against oppression, thus showing that popular culture resistance has a vital role in the life of the community and the struggle for freedom (2004: 8) Following Spitz I would also argue that street art is important as an art form because it represents history through its acts of resistance (1991: 17). As Ferrell discusses, the fact that places like the Berlin Wall were decorated with images representing hope and freedom, and graffiti that denounced the separation of East and West Germany shows just how much street art can act as a symbol of the times (2004: 34). This makes me think of works such as Goyas Guernica a mural not unlike some of those on the Berlin Wall, that shows the horrors of war and suffering. If we are to think about street art as representative of such historic and often horrific moments, then it is hard to denounce it as vandalism. Aesthetics of street art While I have argued that the expressive, resistive qualities of street art are undeniable, analysing the aesthetic qualities also show that street art is a viable artform. The production of street art requires established techniques and styles, most particularly in the use of spraypaint. Spraypaint is used in various ways for different artistic effects. As Walsh explains, street art developed over the years from tagging to established graffiti practices such as wildstyle, an integral, flowing piece of art (1996: 61). In more recent years the advent of stencilling has introduced a new technique into street art which requires artists to learn different effective ways of expressing their ideas (Melbourne Street Art, 2010). The techniques learnt add to the aesthetic qualities of street art and therefore show how image is linked to insight, which Spitz argues is of central significance to considering something art (2004). This is because emotional and intellectual responses to art cause a transfer of meaning between the artists intentions and the image he or she produces (1991: 2). The completion of street art involves imagination, planning, and effort, and is therefore similar to the execution of a more traditional form of art like a painting. The street artists must first do a sketch, then plan out characters and select colours. Next, the artist selects the surface on which her or she will work and creates a preliminary outline. If it is a stencil, the artist will draw the outline onto thick film and cut it out. Colours and ornamentation can then be applied using spray paint. Walsh argues that the completed product can be analysed according to the elements of aesthetic style: line, colour, composition, balance, tine and harmony (1996: 81-86). The structures and characters in the work can be read as a narrative, and the artists intentions communicated to the viewer (Walsh, 1996: 86). I would also argue that street art also improves areas that would otherwise be considered ugly, like abandoned buildings or industrial areas. One only needs to look at all of the street art in Melbournes colourful lanes to see how a place that could otherwise be an eyesore is made beautiful through street art. The impermanence of street art It is interesting to consider Walshs ideas about the impermanence of street art as a unique artistic factor. He argues that because of its quick removal from surfaces by councils and other clean up services that street art needs to be appreciated as fleeting, especially as: A piece which might be sixty feet long, twelve feet high, and take twenty to thirty cans of paint and at least eight hours to produce might be gone in a matter of minutes (1996: 108). In that sense, it is understandable why galleries such as Sydneys May Lane and Melbournes Graffiti Management Plan work to protect street art from being obliterated. May Lane provides removable outdoor panels on which street artists can work, and which are stored for later exhibition, while the Graffiti Management Plan works to protect laneway graffiti. Although they failed in April 2010 by accidentally painting over a Banksy work in Hosier Lane, the Graffiti Management Plan protected another Banksy work by placing it under perspex to remain forever as a street artwork. And as more and more tourists flock to Melbourne specifically to see street art, the lanes of Melbourne are taking on the form of outdoor galleries perhaps not that unlike traditional exhibition spaces, yet more public and therefore accessible. Conclusion In this paper I have argued that street art in both stencil and graffiti forms should be considered viable forms of art. I have shown that while the location of these works might make them unconventional, and indeed deemed vandalism in many cases, that they are nevertheless important both as an expression of individual identity and as a mode of resistance. Like all art, they act to reflect the artists ideas and the historical period in which he or she lived. They provide a break from tradition and they inspire the viewer, while also being aesthetically pleasing. While I differentiate some forms of street art from others, and show that tagging is perhaps less likely to be considered art than stencilling or mural graffiti, I believe that street art generally should be recognised as an important part of our society and an expression of culture and heritage.

Service Learning and ESL Students :: ESL Students

School, when some people hear the word, they usually think that school is learning new things in a room. However, it is something that cannot be described only in the textbook. Service learning is â€Å"an union of community service and formal learning. It involves students going out into their communities and using that which they learn in class to help people, and then bringing that which they learn in their community service back into the classroom to enhance their learning.†(Minor, 2001) Diane Murakami who is an ELL (English Language Learners) teacher at Queen Ka’ahumanu Elementary School in Honolulu. She gave CP 4 (college preparatory) students at Hawaii Internal College a chance to service learning at Queen Ka’ahumanu Elementary School. Service learning is a good effect way to learn about new cultures and also to communicate with local people for ESL students. Studying abroad is a wonderful opportunity, but it is not easy to spend time in a new culture, and communicating with people is difficult. Natalie M. Russell is an ESL (English as a Second Language) teacher at Omaha South High School, and she realized that when she was teaching ESL students, they often felt alienated from their school and communities. Therefore, they tended to make friends only in school, so they did not make friends outside of school. In â€Å"Teaching More Than English†, Natalie M. Russell said, â€Å"they avoided interacting with mainstream students and getting involved in school activities† (Natalie M. Russell, 2007, para 1). Natalie M. Russell tried to make her class communication with mainstream people, and she decided that service learning was a good way to communicate with mainstream people because she said, â€Å"students not only learn during service learning activities, but also they also reflect on their service and its value to the community. This reflection helps build a sense of civic responsibility and caring for others.†(Natalie M. Russell, 2007, para 3) In Natalie M. Russell’s case, she said, â€Å"the student population of the high school in which I taught was approximately 60% Hispanic, and my ESL classes that year were 100% Hispanic. In deciding what our service project would be, my students concluded that the community’s primary problem was the language barrier that divided the immigrants from the local population.† (Natalie M. Russell, 2007, para 4) In town, Spanish/English dictionaries were available to buy, but Spanish/English phrasebooks were not, so she and her students decided to make Spanish/English phrasebooks and distributed it free in the community.

Asperger?s Syndrome and Instructional Intervention Essay -- essays res

Asperger’s Syndrome and Instructional Intervention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) is a pervasive developmental disability first identified in 1944 by Dr. Hans Asperger, an Austrian pediatrician. However, since his paper was written in German and published during World War II, his findings were not well known in the United States and in other non-German speaking countries. In 1981, Dr. Lorna Wing, a British researcher, brought AS to the attention of the English-speaking world. In addition to summarizing Asperger’s findings, she also pointed out the similarities between AS and autism, raising the question: Are they the same disorder or two separate ones (Ozonoff, Dawson, & McPartland, 2002)? It was not until 1994 that the American Psychiatric Association included AS as a diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; Myles, 2002). Although some debate exists among researchers, AS is considered part of the autism spectrum (Attwood, 1998). Autism is generally defined as having an impairment of both normal social interactions and communication (Out of the Deep Freeze, 2003). However, individuals with AS are often highly verbal (Gottlieb, 2003). Even though labeled high-functioning autism, AS may cause the greatest disability in adolescence and young adults when it comes to developing social relationships. People with AS desire social interactions, however they lack the appropriate social skills (Barnhill, 2002) and, in turn, have trouble interacting with people (Travis, 2003). They do not have the ability to read social cues and will often display socially and emotionally inappropriate behaviors: lack of empathy, one-sided interactions, pedantic and repetitive speech, and intense absorption in certain subjects (Attwood, 1998). Non-verbal communications skills are also impaired. These may include: limited use of g estures, clumsy body language, limited facial gestures, inappropriate expression, and peculiar, stiff gaze (Attwood, 1998). Additional characteristics of AS include literal thinking, poor problem-solving skills, poor organizational skills, and difficulty in discriminating between relevant and irrelevant stimuli (Myles & Simpson, 2002). Identifying an individual with AS usually does not occur until after the preschool years. The symptoms are not generally recognized ... ....nasponline.org/publications/cq313asperger_ss.html Gottlieb, S. (2003). US study shows 10-fold increase in autism over the past 20 years. British   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medical Journal, 326, 71. Myles, B. S. (2002). Introduction to the special issue on asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other Developmental Disabilities, 17(3), 130-131. Myles, B. S., & Simpson, R. L. (2002). Asperger syndrome: An overview of characteristics. Focus on Autism & Other Developmental Disabilities, 17(3), 132-137. Out of the deep freeze. (2003). The Economist, 336, 71. Ozonoff, S., Dawson, G., & McPartland, J. (2002). A Parent’s Guide to Asperger Syndrome &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High Functioning Autism. New York: Guilford Press. Safran, S. P., Safran, J. S., & Ellis, K. (2003). Intervention ABCs for children with asperger   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  syndrome. Topics in Language Disorders, 23(2), 154-165. Travis, J. (2003). Autism advance. Science News, 163(14), 212-213. Watkins, C. E. (2000). Asperger’s disorder. Retrieve June 12, 2003 from Northern County Psychiatric Association Web site: http://www.baltimorepsych.com/aspergers.htm

Emergence of a new nation In a multipolar world: Bangladesh Essay

Analysis of a long period (1947-1971) needed for the independence of Bangladesh is mainly depicted in this book. Analysis of why and how Bangladesh was emergent as a sovereign country in the world is also illustrated here. Number of both internal and external factor that led the liberation war of 1971 also plays a vital role in the analysis. The liberation war 1971 with its final achievements through the sacrifices has remained as a sacred and precious part in the history of Bangladesh. The nine month long a glorious war which was identified as a major land mark in the entire process of evaluation, analytical role of India, erstwhile Soviet Union, USA and China constitute the central content of the work. Internal developments stimulating the rise and consolidation of nationalism are analytically discussed. The focus however is on the international setting of Bangladesh in a relatively short time. The present revised and enlarged edition contains analysis of national and international developments since 1975,which was the cutoff point of this book when published in 1978.Three new chapters included in this enlarged edition dwell on Global, Regional and National changes and developments from 1975-2006.State building, Nation building and Parliamentary Democracy in Bangladesh and terrorism & national security. Read more: Essay About Liberation War of Bangladesh Chapter -1 It describes how the birth of a new state occurred in a polycentric world. The world of the nineteen seventies apparently multipolar can also be described as a ‘Pentarchy’ structure of two triangles in which five dominant power rules. The first triangle is Military, consisting of those states with dominant strength in arms, actual and potential, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The second triangle consists of three leading powers in the world of economy and finances the United States, Western Europe and Japan. The triangles are asymmetrical and unstable for, while chinas Military power continues to rise, though slow and gradually, the economic position of the United Sates continues to decline relatively, if only proportionately, to those of Western Europe and Japan.The triangles are also complex and inter related. The Military triangle is composed of limited adversaries, whereas the economic triangle consists of limited alliances. The World System since the beginning of seventies has not only registered as marked integration of the cold war collisions but has also been featured by growing challenges to the competence and authority of nation state institutions. The challenges to the existing nation state institutions has been most strident in the so called Third world, where practically every government presides over a multi-ethnic,multi-linguistic and multi-cultural state. That Challenge was crowned with success in a spectacular fashion in the case of Bangladesh at the close of 1971 the caesarean birth of Bangladesh marked the success of the first armed separatist struggle in the post,1945 post-colonial third World. During 1953-1957 the United State was busily making collective security arrangements in an attempt to recruit ‘Allies’ for her confrontation with the communist camp. In south-east Asia the United State sponsor and encouraged the formation of SEATO (The South East Asian Treaty Organization) and CENTO (The Central Treaty Organization). The arrangement was originally viewed by the United States & Thailand as underpinning the inherently with Geneva agreement which recognized the communist-ruled North Vietnam. CENTO also began as a regional security grouping at the behest of Iraq and Britain, but the participation of those northern states of Asia sharing frontiers with the Soviet Union such as Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and the reinsurance, as it were, provided by the United Sates, made CENTO no less than SEATO, a US weapon against her Global adversary, Soviet Union. The birth of Bangladesh-the first state to be born in blood and fire in a polycentric world has been a unique case, as the following analysis shows. There is hypothesis that political factors, rather than economic, ethnic and cultural one, were catalyst of Bangladesh revolution. Chapter -2 From autonomy to secession 1. A brief history about the Muslim rules in India from the late 1200 century to 1957 is described here. Muslim separatism-British rule in India, in general ,was favorable to Hindus. In Bengal, the nineteenth century ,Bengali middle class with Calcutta as its economic, cultural and multi political Mecca, was a Hindu middle class.The Bengali muslim society, at this time, consisted of a thin aristocratic stratum, a small but gradually growing, English educated middle class and a vast, impoverished and illiterate peasantry. 2. Political history of mother tongue-from the beginning of the emergence of Pakistan that was cultural and linguistic discrimination between east and west Pakistan. The Awami Muslim League with other dissident political groups demanded the recognition of political and cultural rights of East Pakistan. When Pakistan tried to impose Urdu, a language as the only speech language of the country, the political parties of East Pakistan and several other organizations opposed these attempts through mass rallies, processions, meetings and demonstration during the period 1942-1952. A number of students lost their lives as a result of police firing on the procession. They became the first martyrs of Bengal for the cause of language, culture and autonomy. 3. Formation of united front government in 1954 and they demanded 21 points. Among other things the most important was full regional autonomy. 4. Proclaimed of martial law in 1958 – President Mirza proclaimed martial law in the country on 7th October’1958.On 27th October he himself was ousted by  General Ayub Khan, who proceeded to build a Unitarian, centralized, dictatorial system with the support and sanction of arm forces. Sheikh Mujib with his lieutenants came out openly in 1966, with their manifesto, called the 6th point program, which outlined a situation of maximum political, economic and administrative autonomy for East Bengal within a confederal Pakistan. 5. Politics under military resumes. 6. Civil world and secession from 25th March to Aug’1971. 7. Gaining of de-facto independence of Bangladesh.

Plants

Plants begin their lives in the form of seeds. The embryo inside the seed is considered as the next sexual generation of plants. Seed germination is an important phase in plant's life. Successful seed germination is vital in every reproducing species in order to perpetuate itself. By definition seed germination is when the dry seeds shed from its parent plant, takes up water and is completed when the embryonic root visibly emerges through the outer structure of the seed (seed coat) (Hasanuzzaman et., al. 2013). Bewley (1997) described that it includes different events that commence with the uptake of water by the quiescent dry seed and terminate with the elongation of the embryonic axis. The visible sign that germination is complete is usually the penetration of the structures surrounding the embryo by the radicle (radicle protrusion). Several authors had reported the importance of germination in the life cycle of plant. According to Hubbard et., al (2012) this stage in the life cycle of the plant is considered as a critical event as germination is the first step in determining the survival rate of the crop thereby affecting its productivity. Meanwhile Donohue et., al. (2010) reported that seed germination is an important developmental phase change in the plant life cycle, which plays critical roles in seedlings establishment and consequently in environmental adaptation. The process of seed germination involves several complex processes and activation of the seeds metabolic pathways which eventually leads to the emergence of newly grown generation of plants. Many of the specific biochemical and physiological processes which characterize germinating seeds, particularly those occurring in storage organs, are special during this stage (Bewley and Black 1994). Knowledge of the germination process and of the seedling establishment and development, involving morphological, physiological, biochemical as well as molecular mechanisms and features is of essential importance for taxonomic, ecological and agronomic studies of certain plants. There are several different gene expression that underlies plant development, the relative specificity of these processes suggests that distinct gene sets are activated and repressed during this stage. The reaction between activation of essential enzymes, sequential release of hormones and the energy relations of the process during seed germination are very significant in understanding the appropriate establishment of plant for its adaptation. Identifying these genes and defining mechanisms involved in regulating their expression will aid in understanding the control of germination-specific mechanisms. This review will provide an overview on the mechanism of gene expression in mainly in angiosperm plant. The different genes expressed in embryos and seedlings will also be tackled A brief description of on the hormonal changes and hormonal balance that triggers or promotes gene expression during germination is also discussed in this paper.

Compare betwwen Virgin Atlantic and Ryanair Essay

Compare betwwen Virgin Atlantic and Ryanair - Essay Example Virgin Atlantic and Ryan Air have ensured that all its employees enjoy their psychological needs while working for their respective organizations. Both companies offer their employees food, water, and operate in an environment where there clean supply of air. This makes it easy for the survival of their employees and there is little or no difference. The little difference is the fact that Virgin cares more for the psychological needs of its employees compared to Ryan Air. They include needs for security and safety. Examples of security needs include desire for a steady employment, shelter from the employment, and health insurance. Virgin Atlantic and Ryan Air both offer insurance cover to all its employees to cover risks associated with their work. This is a good decision for both companies because it gives employee a peace of mind that they are protected from risks. However, Virgin Atlantic offers a steady employment for its workers compared to Ryan Air and thus can be supported by the fact that Virgin values its employees just like its customers. They include needs for belonging, love, and affection (). They stem from relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and family relationships. Employees get their social needs fulfilled when they get companionship and acceptance. Virgin Atlantic is considered as one of the best organizations one can work with because of there is greater fulfillment of social needs compared to Ryan Air. Virgin Atlantic has an organizational culture that promotes team work and this is a great source of companionship and acceptance. Esteem needs originate from the desire to get things that reflect personal worth and social recognition. Virgin Atlantic is a great brand in the airline industry and this gives its employees a lot of self esteem. This is based on the fact that they are being associated with success and

David Cole Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

David Cole - Assignment Example One allegedly glaring lie which the Soviets invented is about the number of people who perished in the camp which they placed at no less than four million. Cole pointed out that most Holocaust revisionists believe that the actual number of persons who died was less than 1.1 million. In the video, Cole presented a tour of the camp, specifically the so-called â€Å"gas chamber† which was later turned into an air-raid shelter. Cole’s interview with the tour guide, Alicia and Dr. Piper revealed two opposing views about the gas chamber. Whereas Alicia claimed that the gas chamber was in its original state, Dr. Piper stated that there were reconstructions made in the original gas chamber. Aside from inconsistencies regarding the gas chamber, other information given by Dr. Piper was also questionable according to Cole. Particular among this is about the difference in the traces of Zyklon B in the gas chamber and the disinfection chamber. At the end of the video, Cole has not given a definitive answer about the authenticity of the Auschwitz gas chamber, instead, he leaves the viewers hanging and maybe deciding for themselves on whether to believe the revisionists or the Holocaust defenders. What was clear to Cole is that there are still questions left unanswered regarding the genuineness of the

Write a short essay on Information System (IS) development

Write a short on Information System (IS) development philosophies and methodologies - Essay Example thodology a hierarchical categorization is required that detaches basic or â€Å"essential† characteristic from â€Å"accidental† particulars (Avison & Fitzgerald, 2002; Iivari et al., 1999). This paper presents a detailed analysis of the information system development philosophies and methodologies. Information systems development methodology is simply an instantiation that is established for one or more information systems development approaches (ISDAs). In addition, the information systems development approaches encompass the necessary features; those are then inherited for the information systems development methodologies belonging to that class. Additionally, one significant implication of systematizing the area of information systems development methodologies into an understandable amount of ISDAs is to move the influence from individual ISDMs to the characteristics of all-purpose information systems development methodologies, like terms of essence of their illustration methodology. Furthermore, the strong appearances of information systems development methodologies make it probable to widen the practical experience of systems developers. Since, they allow flexible, situation-oriented â€Å"methodology engineering† thus an information systems development methodology is adopted to a specific ISD project in the course of an instantiation of a suitable information systems development methodology (Iivari et al., 1999; Bielkowicz et al., 2002). Socio-Technical Approach is a technique for information system development that facilitates future users to play a major role in the system designing, to fulfill requirements, additional technical and operational objectives, to make sure that the new technical system is enclosed with a well-matched and well-functioning business system (Fitzgerald et al., 1985; Walters et al., 1994). Socio-Technical Approach encompasses the guiding principles and beliefs that are about the self-design of a working system. In addition, the

International Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Financial Reporting - Essay Example It is expected that the framework would assist the IASB in not only developing new international accounting standards, but also in the revision of the existing ones. It may also help in reducing the many alternative accounting treatments which are outlined by various accounting standards and regulations (Pounder, 2009). The conceptual framework presents key issues relating to the preparation and presentation of the financial statements. These include objectives, underlying assumptions, qualitative characteristics, recognition and measurement of elements of the financial statements, and the concepts of capital management. Though there are other ways measuring the elements of the financial statements, â€Å"historical cost† is the most commonly used by entities. This basis renders accounting information of less value in the prediction of future performances of the entities. Before the introduction of a conceptual framework, the accounting system could be said to have been â€Å"rule based†, governed by rules on how to treat each and every transaction. Such a system was inflexible and rigid but it promoted excellent comparison of financial performances. Contrastingly, the introduction of a conceptual framework which is â€Å"principle based† has led to the development of accounting standards from a generally accepted conceptual basis with clear and specific objectives. It could be argued that the conceptual framework ensures that the information in the financial statements present a â€Å"true and fair view† financial position of the entity. This means that based on the management estimates and judgment, the financial information presented is fairly accurate. It could also be taken to mean that the financial information does not have material errors, and the users of such information can used it to make meaningful decisions. It is also worth

Theory of Knowledge Essay (Psychology) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory of Knowledge (Psychology) - Essay Example Some studies have been carried out to establish how knowledge is gained, how it can be used, when can knowledge be said to be knowledge indeed, should truth be factored in knowledge etc. These factors considered in the study of knowledge consists a branch of philosophy called Theory of Knowledge (ToK). ToK as Bertrand Russell (1926) puts it is a product of doubt. He further asserts that only when you subject facts, concepts etc into sufficient doubt then you can know whether the facts, concepts etc can be said to be true and thus become knowledge. In other words knowledge is not knowledge if it isn’t true and facts, concepts, principles etc graduate to knowledge once they reach the threshold of truth. Therefore ToK ventures into four ways of knowing i.e. through emotion, language, perception (use of senses) and through reason. It also features the areas of knowledge such as Science, Arts, Mathematics, history etc while investigating how students, the actors of knowledge, gain knowledge. This paper seeks to discuss the fact that an area of knowledge is not necessarily a collection of facts. An area of knowledge, be it science or mathematics, is not a mere collection of facts even though collection of facts constitute an area of knowledge (Lehrer, 2000). Science is dependent on facts that can be ascertained to be true. A number of facts describe science. The philosophy of science entails two parts. The first part is about the process of acquiring scientific knowledge (Scientific in the sense that it can be tested and ascertained scientifically) and the second part is about the purpose, implications and uses of the scientific knowledge acquired. One most important thing to note is the fact that the facts that make up science should have a way to be tested. Therefore, an accumulation of facts alone do not make science but if the facts can be tested scientifically and ascertained, then they qualify to constitute